Exam 3 Flashcards
According to Adair, what are the four components in the method of scientific induction that Roger Bacon developed?
a. the repeated use of observation
b. hypothesis
c. experiment
d. verification
According to Adair, who was the first major figure among Catholics whose scientific views conflicted with the official position of the church?
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
According to Adair, who was the “father of modern geology” who developed the principle of uniformitarianism?
CHARLES LYELL
Which dominant model of the earth’s history preceded the principle of uniformitarianism and was based on a literal reading of the biblical story of Noah’s flood?
CATASTROPHISM
What is the current theory that holds sway among the vast majority of astronomers about the origin of the universe?
THE BIG BANG THEORY
The largest crisis between science and Christianity, since the time of Galileo, arose with the publication of which book?
THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES
What is the idea based on the authority of the bible used by those Christians who oppose teaching about evolution?
CREATION SCIENCE
According to Adair, who promoted and further developed the theory of Nicolaus Copernicus that the earth revolved around the sun?
GALILEO
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, the birth of modern science had its roots in the work of Jewish scholars like Alhacen.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, by the mid-eighteenth century, most Christians thought that science and the Bible were fully compatible
true
According to Adair, because of what two factors did many Christians in the early church consider the visual arts as an inappropriate means for expressing the Christian faith?
a. jewish prohibition of making images of God
b. roman use of images to promote the imperial cult
According to Adair, during which period of history did medieval architecture reach its greatest heights?
THE GOTHIC PERIOD
According to Adair, during the Renaissance and the Baroque periods, what was one of the two dominant characteristics in the construction of great cathedrals?
MASSIVE DOMES
What funding decision for the building of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome helped to spark the Protestant Reformations of the 16th century?
THE SALE OF INDULGUNCES
According to Adair, who was one of the most important figures in the early medieval period for the development of Christian music?
POPE GREGORY I THE GREAT
What were two of the most famous pieces of music to support the church that were composed during the Baroque period?
a. handel’s messiah
b. bach’s mass in b minor
According to Adair, who was perhaps the greatest English hymn writer during the period of the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries?
ISAAC WATTS
According to Adair, what is one of the main purposes of worship in many religious traditions, including Christianity?
REENACTING IMPORTANT PARTS OF SACRED STORIES
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, the European reformers of the 16th century resisted radical iconoclasts who destroyed the art of Christian churches.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, in the Western Church, especially in those areas where Christians continued to live under Muslim rule, the relationship between church and art was much more conservative.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, because the Christian bible is a sacred text, it does not fit into the category of literature more generally
false
According to Adair, what biblical teaching summarizes for many Christians the essence of Christian ethics, at least on a personal level?
DO UNTO OTHERS AS YOU WOULD HAVE OTHERS DO UNTO YOU
List H. Richard Niebuhr’s five paradigms or models of the way that Christians have historically related to culture, as identified by Adair:
a. Christ against culture
b. the Christ of culture
c. Christ above culture
d. Christ and culture in paradox
e. Christ the transformer of culture
According to Adair, during the second century, on what notion did Christians base the popular ideas that celibacy was the path to greater holiness and that remaining single was preferable to marriage?
dualistic notion of matter and spirit from surrounding culture
According to Adair, what is one of the most divisive sexual issues facing churches today?
THE QUESTION OF THE PROPER CHRISTIAN APPROACH TO HOMOSEXUALITY
List three issues for Christians, as discussed by Adair, that relate to the beginning of human life:
a. abortion
b. cloning
c. artificial birth control
List two historic peace churches that Adair identifies:
a. the quakers
b. mennonites
According to Adair, what is a third alternative to either Just-War Theory or Pacifism among many Christians today?
PEACEMAKING
According to Adair, what does the Christian “health and wealth message” imply about poor people?
THOSE WHO WERE POOR BECAUSE THEY HAD BEEN UNFAITHFUL TO GOD
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, Reinhold Niebuhr, author of Immoral Man and Moral Society, argued that nations should be held to the same moral standards as individuals.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, Christians universally agree that divorced persons cannot serve as priests or ministers, even though they acknowledge that divorced persons can be Christian, if they do not remarry.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, Christian denominations universally support capital punishment for perpetrators of serious crimes.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, although the Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox Churches, and the Society of Friends have officially adopted Just-War Theory, the Anglican Church rejects the concept.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, because of its support for poor people, the Roman Catholic Church almost immediately became a proponent of communism.
false
According to Adair, in terms of spirituality, what is the new challenge to Christianity in many parts of the world?
THE GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF ATHEISTS,AGNOSTICS, AND NONRELIGIOUS PEOPLE, SPECIALLY IN REGIONS WHERE CHRISTIANITY WAS ONCE OVERWHELMINGLY DOMINANT
How does Adair describe or define “spirituality”?
THE PATH you TAKE FROM THE MUNDANE WORLd TO THE TRANSCENDANT WORLD OF THE DIVINE
List three Christians from either the medieval or modern periods who wrote books on Christian spirituality:
a. john of the cross
b. Teresa of avila
c. brother lawerence
According to Adair, what are the three ways (as defined by Charles Kimball) in which Christians can view other religions in regard to the questions of salvation and truth?
a. exclusivism
b. inclusivism
c. pluralism
What was one of the several factors that Adair identifies as having led to the permanent split between Judaism and Christianity?
THE CHRISTIAN ACCLAMATION OF JESUS AS MESSIAH
According to Adair, what major factor changed the situation of relatively cordial relations between Jews and Christians that had prevailed throughout the first three Christian centuries?
CONSTANTINE BECAME EMPEROR
According to Adair, what was the most devastating single event in the entire history of Jewish-Christian interactions?
THE HOLOCAUST
According to Adair, what is the fastest growing “religion” in the U.S.?
ATHEISM
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, the Second Vatican Council decreed definitively that other major world religions do not give access to the truth that comes from the God of Jesus Christ.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, John Chrysostom, the great preacher in Constantinople, stirred up Christians against their Jewish neighbors.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, Christians under Muslim rule had the same rights as Muslims, but were not respected religiously.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, the Muslim scriptures, The Quran, contains references to Jesus.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Adair, of all the religions of East and South Asia, probably the most numerous and productive dialogues have occurred between Christians and Confucianists.
false
According to Adair, what four core beliefs do Christians share?
a. one God
b. Jesus Christ is God’s son
c. the teachings of Jesus are models for their own faith
d. belief that their communion with God is one of the most meaningful experiences in life
List the ten events or clusters of events (in chronological order) that Adair lists as perhaps the most important for creating the church as it is today:
a. ministry and letters of the apostle Paul
b. second century
c. emperor constantine
d. fall of rome/rise of islam
e. great schism of 1054
f. renaissance/modern age/ protestant reformation
g. peace of Westphalia/French revolution/enlightenment
h. fall of papal states
i. holocaust/Vatican 2
j. missions/ecumenical movement
According to Brady, which Greek term did the translators of the Hebrew Scriptures who produced the Septuagint (LXX) use to interpret the Hebrew words for love?
AGAPE
How is the classical-Greek term, “philia,” most often translated into English?
FREINDSHIP
Identify the book and its author that scholars cite, according to Brady, as the authoritative ancient text on eros:
a. plato
b. the symposium
What are the two great commandments according to Jesus?
a. you shall love your neighbor as yourself
b. LOVE THE LORD
Which parable of Jesus does Brady discuss that Raymond Brown considers to be “a moving description of God’s love”?
THE PARABLE OF PRODIGAL SON
Which letter written by the Apostle Paul does Brady describe as containing the most passionate expression of God’s love in the New Testament?
ROMANS 8
According to Brady, what is one of several ways that distinguish the Gospel of John from the other gospels?
IT DESCRIBE JESUS HAVING PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Brady says that, in the Gospel of John, Jesus identifies one thing by which everyone will know that people are his disciples: What is that thing?
THEIR LOVE FOR EACH OTHER
According to Brady, when (including the year) were the first disciples of Jesus excluded from Jewish life?
THE FALL OF THE TEMPLE IN 70 CE
Which book of the New Testament contains the apostle Paul’s most famous statement on love?
1ST CORINTHIANS 13
In which book of the New Testament does the following famous quotation appear: “There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus”?
GALATIANS
In which book of the New Testament does Jesus state that, if a person has given food, drink, clothing, and so forth, to those people with such needs, then that person has rendered those services to Jesus himself?
MATHEW
Which book of the New Testament identifies God as love?
1 JOHN
Which biblical book’s presentation of love does Brady identify as the summary of love in the New Testament?
1 JOHN
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, the central teaching of Jesus and the unifying theme of the New Testament is love.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, the dominant and almost exclusive Greek word for love in the New Testament is “philia.”
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, the language of classical Greek restricted the term, “agape,” to the very narrow meaning of self-sacrificial love.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, the people in the audience for the Gospel of Luke understood the neighbor as the next person that one meets.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, for Jesus, one’s enemy is also one’s neighbor and to be loved accordingly.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, all four gospels of the New Testament describe Jesus as teaching that the category of neighbor even includes enemies.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, the apostle Paul was not as concerned with the tension between Christianity and the world.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to the biblical scholar, Raymond Brown, love was the driving force in the apostle Paul’s life and work.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to the apostle Paul, among faith, hope, and love, faith is the greatest (although love comes in a close second place), because faith guarantees salvation.
false
TRUE / FALSE: Brady says that the apostle Paul merely repeated the moral standards of the culture in which he lived, with very little modification, thereby completely perpetuating the subordination of women to men.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, while the New Testament calls disciples to love both God and neighbor, the New Testament does not establish a direct link between the two loves.
false
According to Brady, what is perhaps the most influential text on the philosophy of love in European literature?
PLATO’S SYMPOSIUM
According to Brady, what notion serves as the backbone for Augustine’s theology of love?
THERE IS A HIERARCHY OF BEING
According to Brady, what philosophy provided the framework that helped Augustine understand the God of the Bible?
NEOPLATONISM
According to Brady, when translators of the bible from Greek to Latin chose a word to translate the Greek word, “agapé,” which Latin word did they use?
CARITAS
According to Augustine, what is true love?
THE DESIRE FOR SOMETHING FOR ITS OWN SAKE
According to Brady, for Augustine, what is the spiritual purpose and theological meaning of friendship?
BY BEING FRIENDS WITH SINNERS WE HAVE OPPROTUNITIES TO BRING THEM TO LOVE GOD
According to Brady, which work does Peter Brown describe as Augustine’s most original work?
ON CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE
According to Brady, what topic does that book by Augustine address?
INTERPRETATION OF THE BIBLE
According to Brady, what is Augustine’s first principle for the interpretation of the bible?
CARITAS
According to Brady, for Augustine, what is the key to understanding Scripture?
LOVE GOD LOVE NEIGHBOR
In the previous work by Augustine, what is the famous distinction that he makes between two forms of love for things?
a. use
b. enjoyment
For Augustine, what are the things of enjoyment?
THE TRINITY
For Augustine, what are the two ways to love the neighbor?
a. we must care for those in need
b. we must draw them to God
According to Brady, what is the structure of the order of love for Augustine?
a. love and enjoy God
b. love and use ourselves
c. love and use our neighbors
d. love and use our bodies
According to Brady, what are the two basic types (or directions) of love (one negative and one positive)?
a. cupiditas
b. AGAPE
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, translators of the bible from Greek to Latin, chose the Latin word “amore” to translate the New Testament term “eros.”
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Diotima (a character in one of Plato’s dialogues), one must use beautiful things as steps finally to reach and to know beauty itself.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Augustine, the Christian scriptures clearly distinguish between the words “amore” and “dilectio” as words for love.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Augustine, because humans are lovers, humans can have both good and bad loves
true
TRUE / FALSE: Because of Augustine’s conversion to Christianity, with its emphasis on loving all people, he came not to value at all the notion of preferential love that one has in friendship
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, Augustine had very little to say about love in marriage
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Augustine, although one should love the Church, one should place love of one’s mother and family about one’s love for the Church
false
For Kierkegaard, what is the object of Christian love?
THE NEIGHBOR
For Kierkegaard, on what basis are all other people one’s neighbors?
EQUALITY WITH YOU BEFORE GOD
According to Kierkegaard, what is the only true sign that a person is a Christian?
TO LOVE HUMAN BEINGS
According to Kierkegaard, what is the only true sign that a person is a Christian?
TO LOVE HUMAN BEINGS
According to Brady, for his contribution to which movement or school of thought is Reinhold Niebuhr most remembered?
CHRISTIAN REALISM
According to Brady, what is a dominant theme of realism?
THE TENSION BETWEEN THE IDEAL AND THE ACTUAL
According to Brady, what does Reinhold Niebuhr identify as the “impossible possibility” in human existence?
LOVE
According to Niebuhr, what is the very basis of self-love?
THE NATURAL WILL TO SURVIVE
According to Niebuhr, what is the crown of Christian ethics?
FORGIVENESS
According to Niebuhr, in the ethic of Jesus, what is always the actual motive of agapé?
CONFORMITY TO THE WILL OF GOD
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, Anders Nygren, Søren Kierkegaard, and Reinhold Niebuhr highlight love as self-sacrifice.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, Søren Kierkegaard was a Swedish Lutheran pastor.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, Kierkegaard perceived a deep continuity between Christian love and people’s usual views of love.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Kierkegaard, friendship is really another form of self-love.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Kierkegaard. Christian love is spontaneous.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, Anders Nygren, was Kierkegaard’s Bishop in Sweden.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, Anders Nygren demonstrated the deep connection between the platonic notion of eros and the Christian concept of agapé.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Nygren, Christian love or agapé is spontaneous and unmotivated.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, Reinhold Niebuhr was a Roman Catholic priest for a parish in Chicago.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Brady, for Reinhold Niebuhr, the love-command is directly applicable to social life.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Niebuhr, although the gospel of Jesus contained a very rigorous ethical ideal, it contained no social ethic in the ordinary sense of the word.
true
TRUE / FALSE: Like Kierkegaard, for Reinhold Niebuhr, Christian love can be commanded.
false
According to Brady, what method of social transformation did Martin Luther King, Jr. advocate?
NONVIOLENT DIRECT ACTION
According to Brady, what is the striking feature of MLK’s method of social transformation?
IT DEMANDS CHANGE OF THE OPPRESSORS AND THE OPPRESSED
According to Brady, how does MLK describe the four stages of this method of social transformation?
a. look for the facts of the situation and see if injustices exsist
b. seek to resolve them through negotiation
c. self-purification
d. nonviolent direct action
According to MLK, what is the purpose of this method of social transformation?
TO CREATE A SITUATION SO CRISIS PACKED THAT IT WILL INEVITABLY OPEN THE DOORS TO NEGOTIATION
What four reasons does MLK offer as a rationale for love of enemies?
a. only love can destroy hate
c. HATE SCARS THE SOUL AND DISTORTS THE PERSONALITY OF THE ONE WHO HATES
b. LOVE TRANSFORMS
d. JESUS COMMANDS US TO LOVE
What three practical steps does MLK offer for loving enemies?
a. develop and maintain the capacity to forgive
b. recognize that the evil deed of the enemy-neighbor never expresses all that they are
c. seeking to win the enemy’s friendship and understanding
According to Brady, what makes Mother Teresa’s words so powerful?
THEY ARE ONe WITH HER DEEDS
According to mother Teresa, though what does God show God’s true face?
POOR PEOPLE
According to Brady, what principle does Mother Teresa repeat over and over again?
TRUE LOVE HURTS
According to textbook, who is Karol Wojtyla”?
POPE JOHN PAUL 2
According to Brady, what did this pope understand as providing the essential model or the exemplar for Christian love?
THE TRINITY
According to Pope John Paul II, how is one person just to another person?
IF WE LOVE THEM
According to this pope, what is the fruit and sign or the living testimony of conjugal love or the full reciprocal self-giving of the spouses?
HAVING CHILDREN
According to this pope, what is the symbol of God’s love for us and an icon that expresses the interior life of God?
MARRIED LOVE
According to the textbook, what are the two aspects of the conjugal or sexual act in Catholic teaching?
a. punitive b. procreation
TRUE / FALSE: According to MLK, agapé is disinterested love.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Mother Teresa, for love to be true, it must first be for God.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Pope John Paul II, the cross of Christ is key to understanding love.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Pope John Paul II, the opposite of personalism is communism.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Pope John Paul II, personalism is the philosophical translation of the love commandment.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Pope John Paul II, the height of love for the neighbor is to pray for one’s enemy.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Pope John Paul II, freedom means a gift of self.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Pope John Paul II, the total physical giving of sexual love is the sign and fruit of a total personal self-giving.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Pope John Paul II, sexual love, in order to be true and total, does not necessarily need to occur within the context of marriage.
false
With which four attitudes and actions does H. Richard Niebuhr use to answer the question: What is love?
a. REJOICING OVER THE EXSISTENCE OF A LOVED ONE
b. gratitude
c. reverence
d. loyalty
According to Brady, what is the method that Jules Toner uses to study love?
PHENOMENOLOGY
According to Brady, on what three ideas does Jules Toner’s description of love focus?
a. response
b. union
c. affirmation
According to Jules Toner, what is the most revealing sign of radical love?
IDENTIFICATION WITH THE LOVED ONE
According to Jules Toner, what is the deepest aspect of radical love?
AFFIRMATION OF THE BELOVED FOR HIMSELF
According to Gene Outka, what is agapé?
EQUAL REGARD FOR EVERYONE INCLUDING ONESELF
According to Brady, who was the Peruvian priest who published one of the most influential books of theology in the latter half of the twentieth century?
GUSTAVO GUTIERREZ
For Edward Vacek, what is the most complete Christian love?
PHILIA
What three different types of love does Edward Vacek identify or distinguish from one another?
a. agape
b. eros
c. philia
According to Edward Vacek, what is the foundation and goal of Christian life?
COMMUNION OR PHILIA
TRUE / FALSE: According to Jules Toner, giving of self indicates radical love.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Gene Outka, self-sacrificial love is a good in itself.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Gustavo Gutierrez, love for God is unavoidably expressed through love of one’s neighbor
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Gustavo Gutierrez, the neighbor is the only individual person in need
false
TRUE / FALSE: For to Gustavo Gutierrez, although God’s love is universal, God has a partiality or preference toward the poor.
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Martin D’Arcy, friendship is possible between humans and God
true
TRUE / FALSE: According to Margaret Farley, self-love is incompatible with love of another.
false
TRUE / FALSE: According to Don Browning, love as equal regard arises as a unilateral expression from one individual toward another person.
false
