Exam 3

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

biological aspects of an individual, anatomical, genetic characteristics
born into (ascribed)
Humans are born male or female but they have to learn to be masculine or feminine.

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

status designation derived from physiological aspect linked to male/female to regulate how individuals SHOULD act in a social context
socially determined
GENDER IS FLUID
Binary view of gender is false

Question 3

Gender identity

Answer 3

one’s definition of oneself in relation to societal expectations of gender
shapes our self-expectations and how we interact with others

Question 4

Dramaturgy

Answer 4

social interactions on micro scale are like that of a stage
You are the actor, others are the audience
You put on a show
Ex: job interview- you present yourself in a way that you want the employer to see you (what you wear, how you act)

Question 5

Gender socialization

Answer 5

men and women learn the expectations of their sex

not everyone conforms to gender expectations

Question 6

Gendered institutions

Answer 6

total pattern of gender relations that structure social institutions including: 
stereotypical expectations (nursing is a feminine job), interpersonal relationships, the different placement of men/women found in institutions (glass ceiling-women are promoted throughout career and then they seem to hit an invisible ceiling and stop getting promoted at middle level management)

Question 7

Epstein (sociologist)

Answer 7

Examination of anthropological record shows greater equality between the sexes in the past than commonly thought (hunting/gathering societies existed in which women were not subordinate to men)
Historical lack or gender relevance (men and women were equal)

Question 8

Goldberg (sociologist)

Answer 8

Anthropological record shows that all societies were patriarchies (societies in which men dominate women)
In all societies, the highest statuses are associated with men and men dominate the highest political positions

Question 9

Rossi (sociologist)

Answer 9

Women are better prepared biologically for “mothering” than men
Stresses that the issue isn’t biology OR culture, it is both-nature provides biological predispositions, which are then overlaid with culture (what’s valued and what’s not)

Question 10

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 10

Biology vs Society

Question 11

Gender stratification (inequality)

Answer 11

the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender
Professional degrees by women are increasing
women’s sports are underfunded b/c they’re not considered as important as men’s sports
Income gap between men and women

Question 12

Wealth vs income

Answer 12

Wealth-consists of property (what we own) and income
Income-money we recieve
Wealth and income are not always the same (usually go together)-someone may own a lot of property but have little income

Question 13

Estate

Answer 13

A system in which a small elite group (owners of property and power) has total control over resources
Feudal system

Question 14

Caste

Answer 14

A system where status is assigned based on ascribed status (born with) 
Born into a class
Fixed

Question 15

Class

Answer 15

A system based on ascribed and achieved statuses

Question 16

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Answer 16

Derived from certain factors: income, occupational prestige (perceived rank assigned to a job), and education

Question 17

Capitalist class

Answer 17

The very top-control wealth
Composed of investors, heirs and a few executives
Divided into “old” and “new” money

Question 18

Upper-middle class

Answer 18

Composed of professionals and upper managers

Shaped by education

Question 19

Working class

Answer 19

Composed of factory workers and low-paid white collar workers
Most have HS education

Question 20

Working poor

Answer 20

Composed of relatively unskilled blue collar and white collar workers and those with temporary or seasonal jobs

Question 21

Underclass

Answer 21

Concentrated in the inner cities and has little connection with the job market
Welfare is their main support

Question 22

Wright

Answer 22

Update Marx
Individuals can be in contradictory class locations-they can own a means of production but also be considered workers

Question 23

Poverty

Answer 23

U.S. gov classifies poverty line as being families whose incomes are less than 3x a low cost food budget
FIXED
Clustered in the south
Rural poverty is less visible, more isolated compared to urban

Question 24

Feminization of poverty

Answer 24

Most poor families are headed by women
Caused by divorce, births to unwed mothers, and the lower wages paid to women
(The gender of the person who heads the family is a major predictor of whether or not a family will be poor)

Question 25

Age and poverty

Answer 25

Overall, the elderly are less likely than the general population to be poor But, elderly hispanic and African Americans are almost 3x more likely to be poor than elderly white Americans (wealth) Children are more likely to be poor than adults

Question 26

Theories of Poverty

Answer 26

Moynihan It was suggested that the poor get trapped in a "culture of poverty" as a result of having values and behaviors that make them more predisposed to living in poverty

Question 27

Neoliberalism

Answer 27

shifts responsibility to individual

Question 28

Social structure explanations of poverty

Answer 28

Deindustrialization (large scale economic change), access to learning job skills, race, ethnicity, age, gender discrimination

Question 29

Federal Welfare Reform 1996 Policy Clinton

Answer 29

There are caps on welfare assistance and recipients are required to look for work Welfare rolls dropped but that doesn't mean people were working, they may have hit their limit and become ineligible for welfare Lifetime benefit is limited by a number of years

Question 30

Ethnic group

Answer 30

A social category of people who share a common culture, language or dialect, nationality/national origin, religion, and common norms, practices, customs and history

Question 31

Assimilation

Answer 31

The process by which a minority is absorbed into the mainstream

Question 32

Permissive assimilation

Answer 32

When the minority adopts the dominant group's patterns in its own way and/or at its own speed

Question 33

Pluralism | Multiculturalism

Answer 33

Permits or encourages ethnic variation, maintains uniqueness (opposite of assimilation) Ex: Switzerland

Question 34

Race

Answer 34

Social classification NOT biological categories

Question 35

Racialization

Answer 35

Process by which people, places, and things are assigned meanings and are valorized or devalorized on the basis of prevailing race constructs Some form of power and value being associated with people, places, and things Expression of power

Question 36

Racial formation

Answer 36

The process of how a group is racialized in different historical times

Question 37

Minorities

Answer 37

Groups that are singled out for unequal treatment | Not necessarily the smaller group, just the one with less power

Question 38

Racial stereotypes

Answer 38

The absence of direct contact allows them to exist and become oversimplified beliefs about others

Question 39

Prejudice

Answer 39

An attitude, belief or idea | Judging

Question 40

Discrimination

Answer 40

Action of prejudice | Related to power

Question 41

Institutional racism

Answer 41

The systematic distribution of power, resources and opportunity in ways that benefit whites and disadvantage minorities

Question 42

Aversive racism

Answer 42

Represents a subtle, often unintentional form of prejudice exhibited by many well intentioned white Americans who view themselves as nonprejudiced

Question 43

Modern racism

Answer 43

Involves the rejection of traditional racist beliefs but displaces negative racial feelings onto more abstract social and political issues

Question 44

"Race neutrality" or "colorblindness"

Answer 44

Doesn't see skin color

Question 45

Conflict theorists and racism

Answer 45

Suggest that racism is a smoke screen by which the capitalist class can pit one group against the other

Question 46

Symbolic interactionists

Answer 46

The labels we learn color our perceptions, leading to selective perception-we see certain things and are blind to others Racial and ethnic labels are powerful because they are shorthand for emotionally laden stereotypes Stress that we learn racist attitudes and prejudices in interactions with others or the absence of interaction (stereotypes)