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PSYC 2005 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Statistical Validity

A

The accuracy of p-value on which a statistical decision is based

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2
Q

Construct Validity

A

The degree to which the theory behind the research study provides the best explanation for the results observed

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3
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which the results of a study generalize to other people, places, or conditions

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4
Q

Internal Validity

A

The extent to which we can be confident that the observed changes in the DV were due to the IV and not confounding variables

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5
Q

Maturation

A

Confounding Variable - Changes in the DV are due to the natural maturation of the participant

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6
Q

History

A

Confounding Variable - Changes in the DV that are due to historical events that occur during the study that are unrelated to and can’t be controlled by the study

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7
Q

Testing

A

Confounding Variable - Any change in a participant’s score on the DV due to being tested previously

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8
Q

Instrumentation

A

Confounding Variable - Any change in the calibration of the measuring instrument that affects DV scores

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9
Q

Regression to the Mean

A

Confounding Variable - Tendency for participants who are selected because they have extreme scores on a variable to be less extreme in a follow-up setting

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10
Q

Selection

A

Confounding Variable - Any factor that creates groups that are not equivalent at the beginning of the study

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11
Q

Attrition

A

Confounding Variable - Loss of participants during a study; differential loss is problematic because those who drop out are likely to differ from those who continue

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12
Q

Diffusion of Treatment

A

Confounding Variable - Change in the response of participants to a condition due to info gained about conditions from other participants

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13
Q

Sequence Effects

A

Confounding Variable - Effects on performance in later conditions that result from the experience one had from a previous study

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14
Q

Subject Effects

A

any changes in the behavior of participants that are attributable to being in the study rather than variables in the study

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15
Q

Demand characteristics

A

cues given to participants on how the researcher expects them to behave

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16
Q

placebo effect

A

when participants expect a specific effect of an experiment and they think it happens

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17
Q

Control

A

any procedure used to counteract potential threats to the validity of the research; often keeping other variables still or “constant”

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18
Q

Exact replication

A

repeating the study exactly as it was carried out originally

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19
Q

Systematic replication

A

testing a theoretical or procedural modification of the original procedure that will produce desired results only if the original findings were accurate

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20
Q

Conceptual Replication

A

generating and testing different research hypotheses from the same problem statement

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21
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

when the researcher working with the data doesn’t know which subjects are affected by what conditions; can be subjects kept in dark too

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22
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

when both the researcher and participants are blind to the assignment of each condition

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23
Q

Placebo

A

condition identical in appearance to the tested condition but has no effect

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24
Q

Automation

A

automatic running of procedures like data recording and giving instructions to reduce experimenter contact bias

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25
Q

Objective measure

A

measure based on empirically observable and clearly observable events people can agree on

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26
Q

Percent agreement

A

test of inter rater reliability

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27
Q

Deception

A

withdrawing study info till the end

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28
Q

Balanced placebo design

A

using deception on both groups about if anyone receives a placebo

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29
Q

General population

A

group of all organisms, events, and things we are interested in

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30
Q

Target population

A

subset population the researcher is primarily is interested in; this is the population we want to generalize our findings to

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31
Q

Accessible population

A

subset of target pop that is available to the researcher

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32
Q

Sample

A

subset of accessible pop on which measures are taken

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33
Q

Representative sample

A

sample that adequately reflects population characteristics

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34
Q

Random sampling

A

drawing sample so that every member of the population has an equal chance to be selected and the selections don’t change each other

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35
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

drawing separate random samples from several populations

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36
Q

ad hoc sampling

A

drawing participants randomly from an accessible population

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37
Q

Free random assignment

A

assigning participants to conditions in a random manner so that one assignment does not affect the other

38
Q

Randomization within blocks

A

randomly assigning participants in blocks of conditions so that we have one participant in each condition before we move on to assign more to the next block of conditions

39
Q

Matched random assignment

A

matching participants on a relevant variable and then randomly assigning the matched participants to group with one matched participant per group

40
Q

Other matching procedures

A

matching by group characteristics rather by by individual characteristics; equating groups by holding the variable constant; building in the variable as another factor

41
Q

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

A

hypothesis-testing procedure for studies with three or more groups

42
Q

Within-groups estimate of the pop variance

A

estimate of the variance of the population of individuals based on the variation among the scores in each of the actual groups studied

43
Q

between-groups estimate of the population variance

A

estimate of the variance of the population of individuals based on the variation among the means of the groups studied

44
Q

F ratio

A

ration of the between groups population variance estimate to the within-groups population variance estimate

45
Q

F distribution

A

mathematically defined curve that is the comparison distribution for ANOVAs

46
Q

F table

A

table of cutoff scores on the F distribution

47
Q

S^2 or MSwithin

A

within-groups estimate of the population variance

48
Q

grand mean (GM)

A

overall mean of all the scores regardless of what group they are in; when group sizes are equal, mean of the group means

49
Q

S^2between or MSbetween

A

between-groups estimate of the population variance

50
Q

between groups (numerator) degrees of freedom

A

df used in the between-groups estimate of pop variance; numerator; number of scores free to vary in figuring the between groups estimate

51
Q

within groups (denominator) degrees of freedom

A

df used in the within groups estimate; denominator; number of scores free to vary in figuring the within groups estimate

52
Q

planned contrast

A

comparison in which the particular means to be compared were decided in advance; also called planned comparison

53
Q

Bonferroni procedure

A

multi comparison procedure in which the total alpha percentage in divided among the set of comparisons so that each is tested at a more stringent significance level

54
Q

post hoc comparisons

A

multi comparisons not specified in advance; procedure conducted as part of an exploratory analysis after an analysis of variance

55
Q

Sheffe test

A

method of figuring the significance of post hoc comparisons that takes into account all possible comparisons that could be made

56
Q

proportion if variance accounted for

A

prop of total variation of scores from the grand mean that is accounted for by the variation between the means of the groups

57
Q

eta squared

A

name for R^2 measure of effect size for ANOVAs, aka correlation ratio

58
Q

Structural model

A

way of understanding ANOVAs as a division of the deviation of each score from the overall mean in two parts: the variation of groups and the variation between groups

59
Q

SStotal

A

sum of squared deviations of each score from the overall mean of all scores, ignoring score group

60
Q

SSwithin

A

sum of squared deviations of each score from the group mean

61
Q

SSbetween

A

sum of squared deviations of each score’s group from the GM

62
Q

Correlation

A

association between scores on two variables

63
Q

Scatter diagram

A

graph showing the relationship between two variables; one variable is on horizontal (x) axis and the other is on the vertical (y) axis; each score is shown as a dot

64
Q

Linear correlation

A

relation between two variables that shows up on a scatter diagram as the dots roughly following a straight line

65
Q

Curvilinear correlation

A

relation between two variables that shows up on a scatter diagram as dots following a systematic pattern that is not a straight line

66
Q

Cross-product of z scores

A

result of multiplying a person’s z score on one variable by the person’s z score on another variable

67
Q

correlation coefficient (r)

A

measure of degree of linear correlation between two variables ranging from -1 to 1

68
Q

direction of causality

A

path of causal effect; X is thought to cause Y + X to Y; Y is thought to cause X = Y to X

69
Q

Correlation research design

A

any research design other than a true experiment

70
Q

proportionate reduction in error (r^2)

A

measure of association between variables that is used when comparing association; aka variance accounted for

71
Q

restriction in range

A

situation in which you figure a correlation but only a limited range of the possible values on one of the variables in included in the group studied

72
Q

outliers

A

scores with an extreme value in relation to the other scores in the distribution

73
Q

Spearman’s rule

A

the equivalent of a correlation coefficient for rank-related scores

74
Q

Correlation matrix

A

common way of reporting correlation coefficients among several variables in a research article

75
Q

Predictor variable (usually X)

A

in prediction, variable that is used to predict scores of individuals on another variable

76
Q

Criterion variable (usually Y)

A

in prediction, a variable that is predicted

77
Q

linear prediction rule

A

formula for making predictions; formula for prediction a criterion variables based on a person’s predictor variables (y=a+bx)

78
Q

regression constant (a)

A

in a linear prediction rule, particular fixed number added into the prediction

79
Q

regression coefficient (b)

A

number multiplied by a person’s score on a predictor variable as part of a linear prediction rule

80
Q

regression line

A

line on a graph such as a scatter diagram showing the predicted value of the criterion variable for each value of the predictor variable; visual display of the linear prediction rule

81
Q

slope

A

steepness of the angle of a regression line in a graph of the relation of scores on a predictor variable and predicted scores of a criterion variable

82
Q

intercept

A

point where the regression line crosses the vertical axis; the regression constant (a)

83
Q

error

A

in prediction, the difference between a person’s predicted score on the criterion variable and the person’s actual score on the criterion variable

84
Q

sum of the squared erros

A

sum of the squared differences between each predicted score and actual score on the criterion variable

85
Q

standardized regression coefficient (B)

A

regression coefficient in standard deviation units; shows predicted amount of change in standard deviation of the criterion variable if the value of the predictor variable increases by 1 standard deviation

86
Q

bivariate prediction

A

prediction of scores on one variable based on scores of one another variable; aka bivariate regression

87
Q

multiple correlation

A

correlation of a criterion variable with two or more predictor varaibles

88
Q

multiple regression

A

procedure for predicting scores on a criterion variable from scores on two or more predictor variables

89
Q

multiple correlation coefficient (R)

A

in multiple regression, the correlation between the criterion variable and all the predictor variables taken together

90
Q

SSerror (sum of the squared errors)

A

sum of the squared differences between each score on the criterion variable and its predicted score

91
Q

total squared error when predicting from the mean (SStotal)

A

sum of squared differences of each score on the criterion variable from the predicted score when predicting from the mean

PSYC 2005 (1 decks)

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