Exam 3 Flashcards
To realize all men are bitches
How is gender as a developmental process
we learn how to “do gender” by observing and copying others
Children learn gender behavior from their environment
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
copying someone else’s behavior
Imitation
behavior is strengthened when followed by desirable consequence
Reinforcement
watching others’ behaviors with positive outcome and storing it in memory for later use
Observational Learning
children move through a series of stages of cognitive development; there are concepts that cannot be
Cognitive Development
understanding gender as permanent characteristic; similar to learning one’s eye won’t change color
Gender Constancy
gender schema information is learned early and guides individuals in thinking and understanding “gender”
Gender Schema Theory
highly gender-typed; strong and rigid gender schema. More likely to use gender stereotypes in thinking
Gender-Schematic
less gender-typed; flexible gender schema. Less likely to use stereotypes in thinking
Gender-Aschematic
Gender Constancy as a cognitive stage
Piaget’s Cognitive Stage Theory
TV, music videos, movies, and reading all provide gender socialization, contributing to gender schema
Yes
girls shown less frequently
girls shown in domestic versus occupational
Gender stereotypes are communicated
the generally preferred sex == patriarchy
boys
aborting healthy fetuses because they are female
Female-Selective Abortion
killing newborn female infants
practices correlated with patriarchal cultures and has artificially skewed the ratio of sexes.
Female Infanticide
idea women are all the same and therefore interchangeable; used to justify oppression/violence of women/girls
Essentialism
about ethnic and cultural groups are communicate to children, including gender attitudes
Parental Attitudes
strongly influence economic resources and the educational and cultural opportunities available to children
Social Class Differences
communicated culturally, including gender roles
Role Expectations
parents do more “pretend” and fantasy play with girls
more rough and tumble sports with boys
Parents Play
older children often choose to play with same-gender friends
Gender Segregation
girls friendships tend to be organized around social relationships. More cooperative/communal.
boys friendships tend to be organized around sports and other activities; more competitive for status
Gendered play affects friendship style
hostile acts attempting to damage another’s close relationship or social standing
Relational Aggression
modern term of relational aggression
Social Bullying
ncreased pressure to conform to gender roles beginning in early adolescence. This is trending to earlier and earlier ages
Gender Intensification
series of physiological events changing a child into a person capable of reproducing
Puberty
time after puberty and before adulthood; socially constructed cultural transition between childhood and adult roles/identity
Adolescence-
the onset of menstruation; results in new social messages, both positive and shaming/stigmatization
Menarche
physical attributes differentiating between sex, without a direct reproductive function
Secondary Sex Characteristics
stifling of feelings and thoughts by adolescent girls in effort to fit in and be a “nice” girl. Valuing others’ opinions over own
Self-silencing
words designed to oppress someone
Pejorative
level of congruence or incongruence in thinking and feeling with relational behavior
Relational Authenticity
a person’s overall level of positive regard and self-respect
Self-esteem
boys tend to view sexualized attention as flattering
girls more likely to report the harassment
Truth
parents and teachers/coaches frequently regard harassment of girls, across many cultures
Peers & Sexualized Harassment
Outlets for expression
Englarding options for girls
higher self-esteem are more academically successful and reach higher levels of achievement also have stronger positive body image and self-esteem
girls participating in athletics
children form egalitarian relationship homes are less gender typed
resisting gender typing
total artificial construction of young girls (teen stars) what to sell, to sell them as a product
Teen Products
sexual acts recognized by a particular social group
Sexual Scripts
rules of guidelines for expected behavior
dictate punishments for violating the rules
operate at societal interactions and individual levels
culturally influenced
US guided by love- love is all you need
generally negative messages of female sexuality
traditionally focus on meeting heterosexual male needs, including power/control over sex
Sexual Scripts
US college students believe their peers engage in more risky behavior than the peers actually reported
Perceptual Bias
Sexually active singles underestimate their HIV risk
many believe its okay to have unprotected sex with someone they know
judge their risk on partners’ appearance
believe relationship means no worries about STDs
Perceptual Bias
stimulating one’s own self, self-pleasuring
Maturbation
ewer women report participating
may self-pleasure to complement a satisfactory sex life or compensate for lack of partner
reduces women’s dependency on men
Maturbation
US college students believe their peers engage in more risky behavior than the peers actually reported
Perceptual Bias
Sexually active singles underestimate their HIV risk
many believe its okay to have unprotected sex with someone they know
judge their risk on partners’ appearance
believe relationship means no worries about STDs
Perceptual Bias
stimulating one’s own self, self-pleasuring
Maturbation
ewer women report participating
may self-pleasure to complement a satisfactory sex life or compensate for lack of partner
reduces women’s dependency on men
Maturbation
strongest factor in teens delaying sexual behavior
Parental Caring-
who you are attracted to, who you want to be and be with sexually and what label you identify with
Sexual Orientation
mostly attracted to opposite sex
Heterosexual
generally attracted to both sexes
Bisexual
mostly attracted to same sex
Gay or Lesbian
accepting same-sex attraction as part of one’s sexual and psychological identity
Coming Out
labeled and stigmatized beginning of 20th century
Gay or Lesbian
Research found many women, sex with women is more satisfying that heterosexual sex
yes
Normalized as “girl on girl action” for heterosexual males
heterosexism & heterocentric
women more likely than other ethnic groups to remain “closeted”, because of cultural disapproval
Latina women
women also face integrating multiple subordinate identities and many encounter little acceptance from family/church due to heterosexism
African-American Women
women may be seen as a rejection of the role of wife and mother, disrespecting to family and culture
Asian-American Women
women shows some cultures accepting of sexual diversity including recognizing the two-spirit people
Native-American
ittle research done. Study of self-identified lesbians and bisexual women, those who lived with partners reported better mental health, higher self-esteem, and less loneliness
Older Women
Studies show white college men are more likely to believe true love comes only once, lasts forever, and overcome obstacles
Truth Fact
heterosexually strongly scripted. Tend to reingorce gender stereotypes including seually aggressibe male and sexually passive female roles
Romantic Scripts
when woman wants to say yes to sex but feels she ought to say no; negative impacts
Token Resistance
women that receive a full range of sexual messages from family and communities. More likely to masturbate or practice oral sex
African American-
culture that has strong traditional and religious influences
machismo- men display manhood by being strong, demonstrating sexual prowess and asserting their authority or control over women
marianismo- women expected to be sexually pure, submissive, and subservient
Latina
culture that generally view sexuality as healthy and normal for women; often kept in home, not publicly displayed. More sexually conservative than other women
Asian/Pacific Islander
especially judged more on appearance. Many parents have low expectations of heterosexual involvement fort daughters, seeing them as unable to fulfill the typical role of wife & mother
perceived as too fragile for sexual activity
need caretakers not lovers
should be grateful if any man wants them
Disability
Give people information about STD transmission
Educators recognize the diverse realities of women’s lives
Sexuality and Sexual health for All: Equal Rights & Sexual Subjectivity
sex for yourself!
sexual subjectivity
Better Sex
awareness of one’s own sexual desires and responses
a belief that one is deserving of sexual pleasure
the ability to stand up for one’s safety and pleasure
sexual subjectivity
a legal status granting social standing and legal rights. An institution has a strong patriarchal heritage
Marriage
husband and wife agree husband has (and should have) greater authority
Traditional Marriage
spouses have “near-peer” relationship. Wives employed but job less important than husbands
Modern Marriage
partners have equal power & authority. Share responsibility equally without gender typed roles
Post Gender Relationships- partners have moved beyond using gender to define their marital roles
Egalitarian Marriage
heterosexual couples refusing to acknowledge gender socialization influences them towards traditional gender roles
Myth of Equality
how do LGBTQ couples describe their relationships?
Most LGBTQ people believe in marriage
Describe their relationships as mutual respect, compatibility, shared decision-making, equal rights, and equal value
respect, compatibility,
Heterosexism leads to Discrimination
The right to marry would mean LGBTQ’s were no longer being treated like second-class citizens
resistance to same-sex marriage is upheld by heterosexist social structures and individuals
Eight states support same sex marriage
in the US has been organized around gender inequality
Institution of Marriage
oth partners must be willing to inegrate work and family responsibilities, despite social pressures to conform to traditional roles
Egalitarian Relationships
motherhood is an
institution
liberal feminists have stressed that the institution of motherhood has
been used to exclude women from public life, and how the myths and mystique of motherhood keep women in their place
the ultimate fulfillment of a women
motherhood
Women are responsible for infants, children, elderly parents, home, and their husband because…
women are instinctively good at caregiving
If a mother does not have this she is an inadequate mother.
A mother has infinite patience and the willingness to sacrifice herself to her children.
What is is best for her children?
A woman’s intense, full-time devotion to mothering
the considerable social pressure on women to have children.
motherhood mandate
an example of maladjustment
choosing not to have children has been viewed as a sign of maladjustment
attitudes toward parenthood have become more flexible among
college students
a concepts that includes a range of issues, such as the right to comprehensive and unbiased sex education, access to safe and reliable contraception, an end to forced sterilization and forced birth control for poor and minority women and access to safe and legal abortion
reproductive freedom
prohibits the use of federal Medicaid money for abortions except in cases of incest, rape, and when the mother’s life endangered
Hyde Amendment
formerly known as RU-486, is a non surgical abortion procedure developed in Europe
pristone
claim that women who have an abortion typically suffer guilt, shame, and lasting psychological damage
post abortion syndrome
the media ideal for female face and body becomes more impossible to achieve
attempts to avoid appearance of old age are rapidly increasing
objectification
ending the monthly menstrual cycle
occurs between mid-40s to late-50s
Menopause
intense, brief episodes of increased heart rate, flushing warmth and sweating; caused by decline in body estrogen during menopause
Hot Flashes
reproductive hormones to relieve signs of menopause and prevent signs of aging; mixed feelings about physical/side effects
Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) or Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
most important factors in maintaining good health in later life through the prevention of muscle tone, which contributes to falls, broken bones, and permanent disability
Prevents heart attacks
Exercise
so far in objectification they remove human qualities in the person. Girls getting drinks poured on them at Porterequain pride parade. Dreamworlds
Dehumanization
claim that women who have an abortion typically suffer guilt, shame, and lasting psychological damage
post abortion syndrome
the media ideal for female face and body becomes more impossible to achieve
attempts to avoid appearance of old age are rapidly increasing
objectification
ending the monthly menstrual cycle
occurs between mid-40s to late-50s
Menopause
intense, brief episodes of increased heart rate, flushing warmth and sweating; caused by decline in body estrogen during menopause
Hot Flashes
reproductive hormones to relieve signs of menopause and prevent signs of aging; mixed feelings about physical/side effects
Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) or Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
most important factors in maintaining good health in later life through the prevention of muscle tone, which contributes to falls, broken bones, and permanent disability
Prevents heart attacks
Exercise
so far in objectification they remove human qualities in the person. Girls getting drinks poured on them at Porterequain pride parade. Dreamworlds
Dehumanization
reproductive hormones to relieve signs of menopause and prevent signs of aging; mixed feelings about physical/side effects
Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) or Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
most important factors in maintaining good health in later life through the prevention of muscle tone, which contributes to falls, broken bones, and permanent disability
Prevents heart attacks
Exercise
so far in objectification they remove human qualities in the person. Girls getting drinks poured on them at Porterequain pride parade. Dreamworlds
Dehumanization
