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Animal Growth and Development > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Warner-Bratzel Shear Force

A
  • a system to predict meat tenderness
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2
Q

B-AR agonists

A
  • act through adrenergic receptors
  • repartitioning agents (repartition nutrients away from fat deposition and toward lean deposition)
  • increase protein synthesis and stimulate lipolysis
  • > MUSCLE GROWTH
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3
Q

Anabolic Implants

A
  • Promote growth through increased gain and efficiency
  • Typically administered at initial feedlot placement and possibility a reimplant during the middle of the feeding period
    ex: Revalor
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4
Q

ACTOGAIN and OPTAFLEXX

A
  • for FINISHING CATTLE
  • increase weight gain, inc feed efficiency, inc carcass leanness
  • feed during last 28-42 days on feed
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5
Q

Proper site for placing growth promoting implants in beef cattle

A
  • under the skin on the back subcutaneous middle one-third of the ear
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6
Q

Result of feeding B-AR agonists

A
  1. increased skeletal muscle mass
    - > increase protein synthesis
    - > decrease protein degradation
  2. decrease adipose tissue mass
    - > decrease lipogenesis (fat synthesis)
    - > increase lipolysis (fat breakdown)
  3. Inc lean muscle
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7
Q

Dietary energy and lysine levels

A
  • ractopamine may be included in swine diets containing 16% CP
  • feed with lysine to improve feed efficiency
  • integrated swine operations typically feed diets with approximately 3.4 Mcal of ME/kg
  • > increases WBS and lower IMF (tougher and less marbling, not good to sell for quality)
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8
Q

Effects of Beta adrenergic agonists on cattle

- zilpaterol vs ractopamine

A
  • responses differ by b-agonist
  • > zilpaterol (b2) > ractopamine (b1)
  • > zilpaterol is more aggressive in cattle
  • both inc ADG (Ract > zilp)
  • both inc HCW (zilp > ract)
  • inc feed efficiency
  • both inc ribeye area (zilp > ract)
  • both Inc WBS = dec tenderness and inc toughness
  • Zilp dec REA and Ractopamine inc REA
  • both reduce fat thickness (zilp > ract)
  • > zilpaterol REALLY high (concern for palatability)
  • both inc FG fiber area = extreme muscle hypertrophy
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9
Q

Synovex-H

A
  • an implant for heifers

- 400 lbs or more

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10
Q

Implant Matrices

A
  • hormones are embedded in a matrix
  • hormones are released consistently and over a long period of time
  • pay out is dependent on the implantation technique
  • > will reduce the number of re-implants
  • > compressed pellet, 60-120 d
  • > silastic rubber, 150-200 d
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11
Q

Affect of anabolic implants on stocker calves

A
  • given in stocker phase increase ADG over non-implanted control
  • a 22-35 lbs increase in weight gain after a 150 d stocker period (10-16% inc)
  • an additional increase of $25-40/head for a $1.29-1.38 initial investment
  • inc in ADG over non-imp and in weight after 150 d stocker period
    1. Synovex-S = .15 lb/d and 22.5 lbs
    2. Ralgro (Z) = .20 lb/d and 30 lbs
    3. Revalor-G = .23 lb/d and 34.5 lbs
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12
Q

Zilmax

A
  • for FINISHING CATTLE only
  • feed for last 20 days on sole ration of feed
  • 3 day withdrawal period
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13
Q

Animal welfare and beta-agonists

A
  • in 2013, Tyson Fresh Meats suspended PURCHASE OF CATTLE FED ZILMAX (zilpaterol hydrochloride), citing concerns that it might be causing AMBULATORY PROBLEMS IN CATTLE
  • Merck Animal Health, maker of Zilmax, voluntarily and temporarily SUSPENDED SALES of the feed additive in the US and Canada to address these concerns
  • > 5-step plan for responsible beef
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14
Q

EU Ban on Implanted Beef

A
  • 1989 banned imports of beef treated with growth-promoting hormones
  • US does not fit the 11.500 metric ton quota for high-quality, non-hormone treated beef
  • to become eligible to export non-treated beef, producers must obtain certification from NHTC (non-hormone treated cattle) program
  • under this program ensures that cattle “have never been fed or treated with hormonal growth promotants”
  • only 16 farms registered as of 2002
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15
Q

Beta-agonists

A
  • Repartitioning agents that stimulate lean growth instead of fat deposition at the end of the feeding period
  • Used last 20-40 of finishing
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16
Q

Actogain function

A
  • increase gain without compromising efficiency
  • LW inc 17 lb
  • feed efficiency inc 15%
  • carcass weight inc 11 lb
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17
Q

What is important in the beef cattle industry

A
  • southeast farms avg 100 cows or less
  • consistent profit
  • makes the COW-CALF industry most important!!
  • Stocker industry -> someone who has calves that are under weight for sale
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18
Q

Synovex One Grass

A
  • used for weight gain and operational flexibility from 200 days of uninterrupted growth (pay out up to 200 days)
  • stocker steers and heifers to inc gain and help stretch out performance when forage available for grazing beyond 140 d
  • good for the stocker industry for cows fed on grass alone
  • newer, more aggressive and expensive
  • 10:1 ratio of TBA:E2
  • STEERS 17.2% improvement in gain over non-implanted steers
  • HEIFERS 11.3% inc in average daily gain (ADG)
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19
Q

B-andrenergic receptors (B-AR)

A
  • consists of over 400 amino acids
  • 7 hydrophobic transmembrane domains
  • 3 extracellular segments associated with the N-terminus
  • 3 intracellular loops with the C-terminus
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20
Q

How much beef would a male have to consume to exceed FDA rule?

A
  • 342 3oz servings (64 lb/d) of implanted beef per day to exceed 1% of normal estrogen production
  • 477 3oz servings (90 lb/d) of non-implanted beef per day to exceed 1% of normal estrogen production
  • zero chance this occurs
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21
Q

Synovex-C

A
  • an implant for sucking calves
  • 45 d or older
  • up to 400 lbs
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22
Q

Influence of implant on feedlot cattle with ADG, feed/gain, HCW, LMA, REA

A
  1. ADG
    - inc .47-.57 lb/d
  2. Feed to gain
    - dec .19-.42 lb/lb
  3. HCW
    - inc 22-52 lb
  4. LMA
    - .39-1.07 in^2
  5. REA
    - .34-1.09 in^2
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23
Q

Combination Implants for FINISHING cattle

A
  1. Revalor-G
    - G stands for grass
    - mild implant
    - lower ratio of TBA : estradiol
    - implant for WEANED pasture cattle, steers and heifers
    - for YOUNGER, growing cattle
    - about $1
  2. Revalor-S
    - implant for FEEDLOT steers
    - hormone amount increased bc it is a larger animal
    - cost more as well because need a larger amount of hormone
    - about $3
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24
Q

Environmental and economic impact of removing growth enhancing technologies

A
  • removing growth enhancing technologies would have a significant negative consequence
  • increase resource use
  • increase waste/manure output (greenhouse gases)
  • increase carbon emissions
  • increase production cost per pound of beef
  • increase cattle numbers
  • increase feedstuff and land use
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25
Q

Affect of anabolic implants on suckling beef calves

A
  • increase in ADG over non-implant
  • > .11-.13 lb/day
  • additional weight gain of 23-27 lb
  • increase in profit by $30-37 for a 1.25-1.37 initial investment
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26
Q

Synthetic b-AR agonists

A
  • active with oral administration
  • bind to B-AR
  • > activates Gs protein
  • > then activates cAMP, a major intracellular signaling molecule for response in the body
  • > increases muscle synthesis, dec muscle degredation, reduce lipogenesis, inc lipolysis
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27
Q

Revalor + Zilmax additive response on WBS on day 14

A
  • WBS inc 1.67 (toughness inc)

- additive response

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28
Q

Repartitioning agents

A
  • compounds that shift nutrients from adipose tissue and toward muscle
  • energy is directed to lean muscle growth and less fat
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29
Q

Synovex-C (C)

A
  • works as a growth promoting implant for cow-calf operations
  • INC RATE OF WEIGHT GAIN in suckling steer or heifer calves
  • use when 45 d or older, up to 400 lbs
  • initial implant followed by Synovex S 70 days later
  • increased weight of gain rate in feedlot steers over 400 lbs
  • one implant has 4 pellets
  • use a lower dose
  • DO NOT USE IN VEAL CALVES
  • 100 mg progesterone and 10 mg estradiol benzoate (EB)
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30
Q

Marbling and Implants

A
  • Relationship between INCREASED LMA (longissimus muscle area) and REDUCED MARBLING SCORES
  • Appears to be a dilution of intramuscular fat rather than a direct effect on lipogenesis
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31
Q

Natural Organizations Beliefs

A
  • they do not use growth hormones
  • they are organic and all naturally raised
  • BUT all hormones are NATURAL, they only make growth occur faster
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32
Q

PAYLEAN 9

A
  • for FINISHING SWINE only
  • premix that goes into feed
  • contains at least 16% of CP
  • for the LAST 45 TO 90LBs of gain before slaughter
  • ONLY FOR LATE FINISHING PERIOD
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33
Q

Combination of Implants

A
  • most implants contain both estrogenic and androgenic anabolic implants
  • additive responses
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34
Q

Affects of Ractopamine aka paylean in finishing swine

A
  • repartitions nutrients from fat deposition toward increased protein synthesis
  • muscle protein accretion without impacting pork quality
  • inc ADG
  • inc feed efficiency
  • inc LMA
  • dec fat thickness at the 10th rib
  • inc fat free carcass lean
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35
Q

How much beef would a female have to consume to exceed FDA rule?

A
  • female (non-pregnant) would have to consume 4275 3oz. servings of implanted beef per day
  • pregnant females would have to consume 16,333 3oz. servings of implanted beef per day
  • zero chance this occurs
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36
Q

How much does Ralgro(Z) and Synovex-C cost

A
  • ralgro Z is 1.37 per dose

- synovex-C is 1.25 per dose

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37
Q

Ralgro Z/Ralgro Z Combination inc in ADG

A
  • .13
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38
Q

Antibiotic concerns

A
  • resistance
  • > bacterial resistance to antibiotics and human health
  • > FDA establishes minimum time intervals between last use of feeds containing antibiotics and slaughter of the animal, which allows for the elimination of antibiotics
  • > monitor for residues
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39
Q

How do we produce more beef to feed a growing world

A
  • increase number of animals

- produce more beef meat per animal

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40
Q

Antibiotics

A
  • sub-therapeutic levels
  • > prevent disease, improve growth, and enhance feed efficiency
  • > no changes in carcass quality
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41
Q

Phytoestrogens

A
  • phenolic and non-steroid compounds that have similar structure and biological activity as human estrogens
  • plant secondary metabolites found in over 300 plant species
  • used for estrogen replacement therapy for women in menopause
  • > isoflavons stimulates osteoblastic bone formation, inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption, and prevent excessive bone mass loss in mice and rats with removed ovaries
  • antioxidants to protect against harmful effects of free radicals
  • > flavonoids
  • bind to both estrogen receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta
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42
Q

Growth Promotants (3 Major)

A
  • anabolic compounds that are exogenously administered to promote growth
  • all growth promotants are regulated by the FDA
    ex:
  • Anabolic Implants
  • beta agonists
  • ionophores
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43
Q

Implants with Local Antibacterial

A
  • every implant has a Tylan pellet, a localized antibacterial, it will dissolve and quickly releases the antibacterial throughout the implant site
  • the implant procedure causes an inflammatory response in all animals, this can increase abscess rates (especially in dirty or wet conditions)
  • good implanting procedures paired with the Tylan pellet will reduce the number of abscesses and improve health/performance of the implant and site
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44
Q

Implant Products on the Market

A
  • Center for Veterinary Medicine(CVM) Approved Cattle Drugs
  • all approved by the FDA for use in CATTLE based on sex, weight and program
  • ZERO DAY WITHDRAWAL (can implant and slaughter whenever, it is safe)
  • the label of each brand specifies what type of cattle to use for
  • 38 implant products available for the use in cattle
    1. 8 implants with estrogenic activity (E)
    2. 2 implants with androgenic activity (A)
    3. 28 implants with combination of estrogenic and androgenic activity (C, additive response)
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45
Q

What % of feedlot cattle have been implanted at least once and what % uses combination implant

A
  • 97.2% of feedlot cattle have been implanted at least once

- 78% use combination implant (when both an estrogenic and androgenic implant is used)

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46
Q

Synovex-Choice

A
  • the most versatile potency implant for feedlot steers and heifers
47
Q

Two types of Adrenergic Receptors

A
  1. alpha-adrenergic receptors (a-AR)
  2. beta-adrenergic receptors (B-AR)
    - > present in most all tissues in the body, but in differing amounts depending on tissue type
    - > are members of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)
48
Q

JECFA

A
  • international scientific expert committee focusing on the residues of veterinary drugs in food
  • Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (Food and Agricultural Organization-FAO/World Health Organization-WHO)
  • used by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to establish standards
  • ADI (acceptable daily intake) for ractopamine
  • MRL (maximum residue limit) in cattle and pig tissues
  • defined ractopamine as “synthetic substance that is used as a veterinary drug in animal feed to promote muscle growth in approved food animal species, namely pigs and cattle and, to a limited extent heavy turkeys”
49
Q

History of Anabolic Implants

A
  1. 1954- oral DES approved for CATTLE
    - DES: anabolic compound with estrogenic activity
  2. *1956- Estradiol Benzoate (EB)/progesterone implants approved for STEERS
  3. 1958- EB/Testosterone approved for HEIFERS
  4. 1968- oral MGA approved for heifers
  5. 1969- ZERANOL implants approved for cattle and lambs
  6. 1987- Trenbolone Acetate (TBA) approved for cattle
50
Q

DES use in humans

A
  • DES was used in humans during the first trimester of pregnancy to prevent miscarriages
  • the daughters of these mothers who used DES developed adenocarcinogens
  • in 1979 all use of DES was BANNED by the FDA
51
Q

Other countries

A
  • China: zero tolerance policy for ractopamine residues in meat imports since 2009
  • Russia: banned imports of US meat containing ractopamine, loss of $500 million in sales per year
  • Canada: ractopamine free pork certification program
  • USDA: allows labels for meat productions, “never fed beta-agonists”
52
Q

Summary of antibiotics and ionophores

A
  • antibiotics
  • > VMD eliminates use of antibiotics for growth promotion
  • ionophores
  • > improve feed efficiency
  • > no changes in carcass quality or composition
53
Q

Ionophores

A
  • first approved in 1971 as a coccidiostat for poultry
  • 90+% of feedlot cattle are fed an ionophore in a finishing diet
  • antimicrobial compounds
  • > alter the ability of sensitive cells to transport nutrients and end-products through the cell membrane which forces them to expend additional energy, which reduces their survival
54
Q

FDA approval with estrogen

A
  • intake from residues in meat < 1% of daily production of estrogen
  • the amount of extra hormone(E2) in MEAT MUST NOT EXCEED 1% of the average amount of that hormone produced by a person in the most sensitive segment of the human population
  • prepubertal boy has the lowest levels of estrogen
  • pregnant female has the highest levels of estrogen
55
Q

Increase in value if implant both suckling and stocker beef calves with anabolic implants

A
  • weight increase = 45.5-61.5 lb/hd(head)

- additional profit = $56.54-75.91

56
Q

Mechanism of action when bind to B-AR

A
  • activates Gs protein
  • > a-subunit of the Gs protein. then activates adenylyl cyclase, the enzyme that produces cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  • cAMP is a major intracellular signaling molecule
  • > bind regulatory subunit of protein kinase A to release the catalytic subunit that then PHOSPHORYLATES a number of intracellular proteins
  • > can prod lipase enzyme or deactivate long-chain fatty acid synthesis
57
Q

Synovex-S

A
  • steers over 400 lbs
58
Q

Suckling Beef Cattle

A
  • calves below 7 months of age and not 400-500 lbs yet
  • use ralgro w zeranol (1 mos of age and older)
  • use Synovex-C (45 d of age and older)
  • implant products available for suckling calves
  • easy management, implant subcutaneously in the ear (lasts 40-60 days)
  • an increased rate of weight gain (weaned at a heavier weight)
  • not used in bull calves or weaning heifers intended for reproduction, dairy cows, or cows processed for veal
59
Q

Reimplantation

A
  1. Pay-out
    - 60 to 120 days
  2. Reimplant
    - 60 to 120 days after first implant
    - depends on the total days on feed
60
Q

Desensitization of Ractopamine

A
  • improves feed efficiency by 20% when fed for 27 d
  • after 27 d of feeding paylean, the advantage in feed efficiency dec 7%
  • optimal response is 20-27 d of feeding (tissues responsiveness to paylean is v short)
61
Q

DES history

A
  • Iowa State College filed for a patient in 1953 for use of oral DES in cattle
  • By the end of 1955, it was estimated that 6 million cattle were fed DES (80-95% of fed cattle)
  • there was a 15% improvement in gain and feed efficiency
  • no residues in meat
62
Q

Skeletal Maturity

A
  • Implants can advance skeletal maturity
  • > estrogens
  • Number of implants used important
  • > If each implant advances maturity by 10 points, then this can add up when using multiple implants and depending on time-on-feed
  • Concerns
  • > can effect marbling, quality grade, tenderness
63
Q

Benefits from implanting

A
  • INCREASED RATE OF WEIGHT GAIN

- IMPROVED FEED EFFICIENCY

64
Q

When should anabolic implants be used?

A
  • at calves(suckling) and stocker phase
65
Q

Implants and ionophores

A
  • 22% increase in beef production without increasing level of supplementation or pasture land
  • utilizing both ionophores and implants together decreased cost of gain by 26%
  • net return increased by $30-$54 USD over control
  • inc ADG .46 lb/d
66
Q

B-agonists in swine

A
  • increased performance
  • inc ADG and gain:feed by 25-28%
  • increase fat-free lean
  • > increase muscle mass(26%), dec fat mass(13%)
  • dietary energy and protein levels important
  • > maximizing muscle growth may impact marbling and tenderness
  • greatest improvements first 20-27 d
  • NO IMPLANTS FOR PIGS(not FDA approved), ONLY CATTLE
67
Q

How do implants in beef production work

A
  • increase lean muscle growth
  • increase IGF-1
  • Increase satellite cell proliferation
  • estrogens increase protein synthesis
  • androgens decrease protein degradation
  • additive responses with combination implants
68
Q

Two B-AR products approved for use in the USA

A
  1. ractopamine hydrochloride
    - b1 adrenergic agonist (called diff things 4 diff species)
    - paylean (pigs)
    - optaflex (cattle)
    - topmax9 (turkey)
    - actogain (cattle)
  2. zilpaterol hydrochloride
    - b2 adrenergic agonist
    - zilmax (cattle)
    - 3 d withdrawal period prior to slaughter
69
Q

Adrenergic receptors (AR)

A
  • define, prevalence, mechanism of action
  • different receptor subtypes
  • > allow differential effects
  • subtypes differ between tissues and species
  • > have a preference of which to bind to
70
Q

Implant Problems

A
  • abscessed (biggest issue, 22%)
  • bunched
  • crushed
  • missing
  • pellets missing
  • walled off
  • in cartilage
  • improper site
71
Q

Advantages of anabolic implants

A
  1. Larger calves at weaning
    - get larger bc there is an increase in avg daily gain
  2. More lbs = more $$$$$
  3. Increase in Ribeye area
    - important bc this is where the $$$$ comes from
  4. larger cows leaving stocker programs
72
Q

Concerns with Implanting and Meat Quality

A
  • marbling
  • quality grade
  • tenderness
73
Q

Meta-analysis for ractopamine in swine

A
  • inc 11.8% ADG
  • inc 16.7 G:F (feed efficiency)
  • 3% inc HCW
  • Dressing percent inc 1.2%
  • LMA inc 12.6%
  • fat free lean inc 4.7%
74
Q

Implant products are available for?

A

for suckling calves, grazing cattle and finishing cattle

75
Q

SYNOVEX-Zoetis Implant

A
  • part of a broad portfolio of implants in every production phase
76
Q

Differences between AR types

A
  • B-AR: Gs-protein stimulated cAMP-mediated events

- a-AR: coupled to inhibitory Gi protein (turns off)

77
Q

Synovex-PLUS

A
  • the most potent implant for feedlot steers and heifers
78
Q

Maximum residue limit (MRL) in ractopamine and zilpaterol

A
  1. 2010-Ractopamine
    - MRL for muscle, liver, fat, 150 ug/kg
    - MRL for kidneys, 200 ug/kg
  2. 2012-Zilpaterol
    - not enough data to establish MRL
79
Q

Alternatives to antibiotics

A
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • clay minerals
  • egg yolk antibiotics
  • essential oils
  • eucalyptus oil-medium chain fatty acids
  • rare earth elements
  • recombinant enzymes
80
Q

Hormonal Growth Promotants Components for beef cattle

A
  1. Estrogens
  2. Androgens
  3. Progesterones (MGA and progesterone)
    - all growth promotants technologies are regulated by the food and drug administration (FDA)
    - causes an increase in growth hormone that produces muscle growth
81
Q

All-natural beef

A
  • produced without the use of growth promoting implants

- USDA Non-Hormone Treated Cattle Program for certification

82
Q

Percents of finished cattle that come from feedlot operation and pasture operation

A
  • 95% feedlot

- 5% pasture

83
Q

Endocrine Disruptors in Environment

A

endocrine disruptors

  • > mimic the actions of estrogens and inhibit the effect of androgens
  • tea tree oil and lavender oil
  • > causing gynecomastia in prepubertal boys (development of breasts)
  • after removal of these products, gynecomastia resolved after several months
84
Q

Why shouldn’t beta adrenergic agonists be fed for long term periods?

A
  • constant exposure to B-AA desensitizes or inactivates receptor-mediated signaling
  • waste of money to continuously use it bc it will stop working
85
Q

Safety of beta-agonists for human consumption

A
  • approved by FDA
  • ractopamine used in more than 20 countries
  • zilpaterol only used in 5 countries
  • EU European Union banned use of beta-agonists in farm animals in 1996
86
Q

Ralgro (Z) Z=Zenerol

A
  • 36 mg Zenerol
  • anabolic agent that INC RATE OF WEIGHT GAIN
  • improves conversion of weaned beef calves, growing beef cattle, feedlot steers and feedlot heifers
  • increases rate of weight gain in SUCKLING beef calves
  • DO NOT USE IN VEAL CALVES
  • do not use in calves under 1 mos of age or in heifers intended for reproduction
87
Q

Synovex-S

A
  • an implant for steers

- 400 lbs or more

88
Q

Safety of Anabolic Implants

A
  • USA has used for over 60 years
  • 1956 first EB/progesterone implant approved for steers
  • all anabolic implants are FDA approved
  • have ZERO DAY SLAUGHTER WITHDRAWAL
89
Q

Androgenic Anabolic Implants

A
  • testosterone propionate (TP)
  • trenbolone acetate (TA)
  • > 3-5 fold greater androgenic activity and 8-10 fold greater anabolic activity than testosterone
90
Q

Dominant adrenergic receptor (AR) in the cattle

A
  • over 90% B2 in adipose tissue

- over 99% B2 in skeletal muscle

91
Q

Cattle: B-agonists

A
  1. zilpaterol (zilmax)
    - b2 adrenergic agonist
  2. clenbuterol
    - b2 adrenergic agonist
    - not approved for use in US commercially
    - experimental lab use only
  3. ractopamine (optaflexx and actogain)
    - > b1 adrenergic agonist
92
Q

Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) Final Rule

A
  • purpose is to revise FDA’s VFD regulations to improve the efficiency of the VFD program while continuing to protect public health (human and animal health)
  • In 1996, Congress enacted the Animal Drug Availability Act (ADAA) to facilitate the approval and marketing of new animal drugs and medicated feeds
  • new regulatory category for certain animal drugs used in or on animal food (animal feed) called veterinary feed directive drugs (or VFD drugs).
  • VFD drugs are new animal drugs intended for use in or on animal feed which are limited to use under the professional supervision of a licensed veterinarian.
  • Any animal feed containing a VFD drug can only be fed to animals based upon an order, called a veterinary feed directive (VFD), issued by a licensed veterinarian in the course of the veterinarian’s professional practice
  • in short, all antimicrobial drugs used for food-production purposes must be approved and distributed by a licensed vet
93
Q

Anabolic Implants and Beta-agonists additive responses

A
  • increase gain and HCW
  • reduction in marbling and tenderness (tougher)
  • will increase pounds in beef and lower cost
  • in 2002 70-80% of US cattle fed Zilmax or Optaflexx
94
Q

Phytoestrogens are divided into two groups

A
  1. Isoflavonoids
    a. isoflavones
    - isoflavones
    - soybean and red clover
    b. coumestans
    - also found in soybean and red clovers
    - MOST PRONOUNCED ESTROGENIC AFFECTS
    - coumestrol
  2. Lignans
    - flaxseed, sesame seed, cabbages, cereals
95
Q

Epinepherine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

A
  • released when stimulated by nerve fibers
  • response to stress
  • bind both alpha-AR and b-AR
  • > induce significant metabolic effects on various tissue
  • > epinepherine is more potent than norepinepherine for a-AR
96
Q

Stocker calves

A
  • stocker phase = after weaning (over 400 lbs) and before finishing in feedlot
  • typically on forages/pasture systems
  • use Ralgro, Synovex-S, Revalor-G or Synovex One Grass
  • > all approved to increase weight gain
97
Q

What implant is used in Suckling Beef cattle

A
  • Ralgro with Zenerol (given at 1 month of age)
  • synthetic estrogen made from corn mold
  • Synovex-C (45 days of age)
98
Q

Meta-analysis results of optaflexx

A
  • HCW inc 13.6 lbs
  • marbling score dec by 5.1
  • WBS inc .2 (inc toughness)
99
Q

Synovex-CONE

A
  • aggressive feedlot implant, really stimulate growth

- has a negative impact on marbling

100
Q

Combinations: ionophore and BAA

A
  • 90+% of feedlot cattle are fed an ionophore
  • 85% of feedlot cattle are fed B-AA
  • fed in combination
  • > currently laidlomycin propionate (cattlyst) lacks combination approval (monensin has approval)
  • > this study was conducted to evaluate the combination
101
Q

β-Adrenergic Agonists

A
  • Another Growth promoting technology
  • Approved for use in ONLY FINISHING swine, cattle, turkeys
  • Used to increase skeletal muscle growth and decrease lipid/adiposity(dec fat production) content
  • Repartitioning agent
  • Energy is directed to lean muscle growth and less fat
  • Increase lean yield
  • commercially available compounds for use in meat animals
  • typically growth responses
  • constant exposure to B-AA
102
Q

Simpson and Edisto Rec Cattle Research

A
  • Steers (160) were used from two locations in SC (Simpson Beef Station and Edisto Rec Center)
  • two groups at each location implant group and a no implant (control group)
  • Ralgro(Z) implant at 4 mos of age, re-implant using Revalor-G implant
  • they used a real time ultrasound to see ribeye area and fat thickness
    RESULTS
  • inc in weight gain and ADG
  • dec in fat thickness
  • inc in ribeye area
103
Q

Beef production w implant influence

A
  • use of growth promotant technologies INC BEEF PRODUCTION (inc pounds of beef) and REDUCES INPUTS (less feed per pound of gain)
  • INC SUSTAINABILITY: more beef for less, efficiency increases, less feed per lb of gain
  • Since the population is increasing rapidly there will be a 70% increase in demand for meat, milk and eggs (growth promotants will help)
104
Q

Estrogenic Anabolic Implants

A
  • estradiol 17-Beta (E2)
  • estradiol benzoate (EB)
  • zeranol (Non-steroid compound from corn infected with fungus. Fusarium that has estrogenic activity)
105
Q

Meta-analysis results of zilmax

A
  • meta analysis is when you take all prior studies on the topic, reanalyze and get avg of results
  • HCW inc 33.22 lb
  • REA inc 1.24 in^2
  • marbling score dec by 23
  • WBS aka shear force inc by .84 kg (inc toughness)
106
Q

Implant and ionophore affect with cattle on pasture

A
  • implant inc .31 lb/d
  • ionophore inc .15 lb/d
  • both .46 lb/d
  • > $30-54 inc
  • > 22% inc in beef prod
107
Q

Implant Timing

A
  • early implant has largest choice
108
Q

Synovex-H

A
  • heifers over 400 lbs
109
Q

Beef Consumption does not trigger early onset of Estrus (Puberty)

A
  • earlier onset of puberty in young American girls has led researchers to question if a casual relation exists between dietary sources of estrogenic compounds and precocious puberty
  • PREPUBERTAL GILTS as an animal model were fed:
    1. cooked ground beef from non-implanted beef
    2. cooked ground beef from implanted beef
    3. cooked tofu patty
  • gain, muscle, fat deposition and number of days to estrus
  • concluded that daily consumption from a very early stage in physiologic development DOES NOT LEAD to precocious puberty
110
Q

Antibiotic mode of action

A
  1. metabolic effect
    - directly affect rate or pattern of metabolic processes
  2. nutrient sparing effect
    - reduce dietary requirement for one or more essential nutrients
  3. disease control effect
    - suppress organisms that produce toxins or limit their capacity to produce toxins which adversely affect performance of the animals
111
Q

Physiological B-AR agonists

A
  • epinepherine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
  • > fight or flight response to stress
  • synthetic b-AR agonists
112
Q

Synovex One Feedlot

A
  • an extended duration (up to 200 days) implant for feedlot steers and heifers
113
Q

B-AA summary

A
  • they are synthetic compounds that bind to B-AR
  • cAMP stimulates phosphorylation of certain enzymes that regulate metabolism
  • short-term effects to alter growth
  • > constant exposure to B-AA desensitizes or inactivates receptor-mediated signaling

Animal Growth and Development (3 decks)

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