Exam #3 Flashcards
Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to
Regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in absence of oxygen
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm into two cells
What are the waste products of cellular respiration?
Water and Carbon dioxide
When does the lactic acid build up in the muscles?
Lactic acid build up generally occurs during anaerobic training, or through extended periods of aerobic training, when the muscles are being worked at such an intensity that the demand for oxygen eventually cannot be met, culminating in an excess of lactic acid. Insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles.
What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary strands?
Hydrogen
Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and then air. Cellular respiration produces?
ATP
A poly A tail is added to a mature mRNA after transcription
True
Aerobic respiration?
Is more efficient and can be utilized in the presence of oxygen
What is the product of glycolysis
Pyruvic acid
An asexual process used by prokaryotes in which replicated DNA and other cell parts are distributed into two daughter cells is called
Binary fission
Which part of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Electron transport chain
What is the result of transcription
mRNA
How does repressor proteins inhibit transcription in eukaryotic cells?
by binding to silencers
telophase
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus form at each pole. Chromosomes decondense. spindle disappears.
Which part of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
ETC - electron transport chain
In DNA molecule, what base pairs complement each other
A=T, G=C
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)
Where does the electron transport chain takes place?
Cristae of the Mitochondria
When does the cytokinesis begin?
Telophase
What is the equation of cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+O2->CO2+H2O+ATP
What is the ultimate source of energy?
The sun, solar energy is the ultimate power source
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar break down?
Glycolysis
During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules
Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water
Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?
citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle
If you were watching a cell undergoing a doubling of the DNA in its nucleus you will be observing
Replication
Anaerobic respiration?
Does not require oxygen
How does the space between our fingers arise?
The cells die by apoptosis
Many toxins are known to kill organisms by interfering with cellular respiration. Which poison blocks the Krebs cycle by inhibiting the formation of acetyl- coA?
Arsenic
Where does the Krebs cycle takes place?
The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (the area enclosed by the inner membrane) in the mitochondria
Mitochondrion
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
There are three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation
prophase
Chromosomes condense and remain randomly arranged in the nucleus
What must be pyruvic acid be converted to before you can enter the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Meiosis produces
Eukaryotic sex cells or gametes
4 haploid cells
What is DNA back bone made of?
Sugar and phosphate groups
The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called
Nucleotides
The first sign of cytokinesis in an animal cell is the formation of a
Cleavage furrow
Where does the glycolysis occur?
Cytosol of the cell or Cytoplasm
What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?
Ethyl alcohol
Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?
Krebs Cycle
Anaphase
centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
What type of RNA carries the information that specifies a protein?
Messenger RNA
What is chromatin made of?
The complex of DNA and histone proteins found in chromosomes
Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to
Produce ATP without O2
Where are the chromosomes found in the eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
Bypassing a check point in the cell cycle may result in a cancer cell
Continuing to divide and replicate with faulty DNA
metaphase
Chromosomes align along equator of the cell
Mitosis produces
Two identical daughter cells or nuclei
2 diploid cells
The rungs of the DNA ladder are formed by base pairs joined by
Hydrogen bonds
Which energy pathway can be performed by all living organisms?
Carbon reactions
Binary Fission produces
Prokaryotic cells
What is the first electron acceptor in cellular respiration
NAD+
One of the two identical attach copies of a replicated chromosome is called a
Chromatid
The enzyme that unwinds DNA is
Helicase
Initiation, elongation and termination are the three main steps in
Polypeptide synthesis
What process converts the mRNA message into a sequence of amino acids?
translation
The area enclosed by the highly folded inner mitochondrial membrane is the
Matrix
A discrete package of DNA and associated proteins in eukaryotes is a
Chromosome
How many nucleotides make up a codon?
Three
What is the last electron acceptor molecule?
Oxygen 2
In early stages of mitosis a structure appears and functions to organize the protein subunits of the middle mitotic spindle. This is the
Centrosome
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle do not capture all of the potential energy in a glucose molecule because
Some energy is always lost as heat during chemical reactions
A DNA sequence that signals the start of a gene is?
Promoter
The central dogma of molecular biology described by Watson and crick describes
The directional flow of genetic information in cells
What protects the mRNA from the cellular enzymes?
Cap and Tail
What enzyme is used for the synthesis of DNA?
Polymerases
What are exons?
Exons are coding sequences of DNA
What are Introns?
Introns are non- coding sequences of DNA
In an operon, what acts as an on/off switch?
Operator
How does repressors work?
Repressors act by blocking the binding of RNA polymerase to the operator
What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?
DNA packing and unpacking
What is the proper order of events in the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
A cell spends most of its time in which of the following phases?
Interphase
In mitosis the chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell during
Metaphase
If the total number of chromosomes in parent cell is six, then after mitosis there will be:
Six chromosomes in each daughter cell
Which sequence in the cell cycle is correct?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase telophase
A cell biologist is studying the phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and begin to move toward the poles of the cell. Which of the faces of mitosis is the biologist studying?
Anaphase
Crossing-over occurs during which of the following phases
Phophase I
A geneticist is studying the Karyotype type of a person with a normal number of chromosomes which of the following would be the correct chromosome configuration?
22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes
A biologist is studying a gene which is located outside the operon and codes for a repressor protein that can deactivate the operon. This biologist is studying which of the following genes?
A regulatory gene
Which of the following structures is visible during cell division?
Chromosomes
