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Biol 1408 > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to

A

Regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in absence of oxygen

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2
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm into two cells

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3
Q

What are the waste products of cellular respiration?

A

Water and Carbon dioxide

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4
Q

When does the lactic acid build up in the muscles?

A

Lactic acid build up generally occurs during anaerobic training, or through extended periods of aerobic training, when the muscles are being worked at such an intensity that the demand for oxygen eventually cannot be met, culminating in an excess of lactic acid. Insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles.

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5
Q

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary strands?

A

Hydrogen

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6
Q

Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and then air. Cellular respiration produces?

A

ATP

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7
Q

A poly A tail is added to a mature mRNA after transcription

A

True

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8
Q

Aerobic respiration?

A

Is more efficient and can be utilized in the presence of oxygen

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9
Q

What is the product of glycolysis

A

Pyruvic acid

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10
Q

An asexual process used by prokaryotes in which replicated DNA and other cell parts are distributed into two daughter cells is called

A

Binary fission

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11
Q

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

A

Electron transport chain

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12
Q

What is the result of transcription

A

mRNA

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13
Q

How does repressor proteins inhibit transcription in eukaryotic cells?

A

by binding to silencers

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14
Q

telophase

A

Nuclear envelope and nucleolus form at each pole. Chromosomes decondense. spindle disappears.

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15
Q

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

A

ETC - electron transport chain

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16
Q

In DNA molecule, what base pairs complement each other

A

A=T, G=C

adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)

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17
Q

Where does the electron transport chain takes place?

A

Cristae of the Mitochondria

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18
Q

When does the cytokinesis begin?

A

Telophase

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19
Q

What is the equation of cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6+O2->CO2+H2O+ATP

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21
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy?

A

The sun, solar energy is the ultimate power source

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23
Q

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar break down?

A

Glycolysis

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24
Q

During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules

A

Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water

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26
Q

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?

A

citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle

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27
Q

If you were watching a cell undergoing a doubling of the DNA in its nucleus you will be observing

A

Replication

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28
Q

Anaerobic respiration?

A

Does not require oxygen

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28
Q

How does the space between our fingers arise?

A

The cells die by apoptosis

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30
Q

Many toxins are known to kill organisms by interfering with cellular respiration. Which poison blocks the Krebs cycle by inhibiting the formation of acetyl- coA?

A

Arsenic

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31
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle takes place?

A

The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (the area enclosed by the inner membrane) in the mitochondria
Mitochondrion

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32
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A

There are three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

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34
Q

prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and remain randomly arranged in the nucleus

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35
Q

What must be pyruvic acid be converted to before you can enter the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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36
Q

Meiosis produces

A

Eukaryotic sex cells or gametes

4 haploid cells

37
Q

What is DNA back bone made of?

A

Sugar and phosphate groups

37
Q

The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called

A

Nucleotides

39
Q

The first sign of cytokinesis in an animal cell is the formation of a

A

Cleavage furrow

41
Q

Where does the glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol of the cell or Cytoplasm

42
Q

What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?

A

Ethyl alcohol

43
Q

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?

A

Krebs Cycle

44
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

45
Q

What type of RNA carries the information that specifies a protein?

A

Messenger RNA

46
Q

What is chromatin made of?

A

The complex of DNA and histone proteins found in chromosomes

47
Q

Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to

A

Produce ATP without O2

48
Q

Where are the chromosomes found in the eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus

49
Q

Bypassing a check point in the cell cycle may result in a cancer cell

A

Continuing to divide and replicate with faulty DNA

50
Q

metaphase

A

Chromosomes align along equator of the cell

51
Q

Mitosis produces

A

Two identical daughter cells or nuclei

2 diploid cells

52
Q

The rungs of the DNA ladder are formed by base pairs joined by

A

Hydrogen bonds

53
Q

Which energy pathway can be performed by all living organisms?

A

Carbon reactions

53
Q

Binary Fission produces

A

Prokaryotic cells

54
Q

What is the first electron acceptor in cellular respiration

A

NAD+

54
Q

One of the two identical attach copies of a replicated chromosome is called a

A

Chromatid

55
Q

The enzyme that unwinds DNA is

A

Helicase

55
Q

Initiation, elongation and termination are the three main steps in

A

Polypeptide synthesis

55
Q

What process converts the mRNA message into a sequence of amino acids?

A

translation

56
Q

The area enclosed by the highly folded inner mitochondrial membrane is the

A

Matrix

56
Q

A discrete package of DNA and associated proteins in eukaryotes is a

A

Chromosome

56
Q

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

A

Three

57
Q

What is the last electron acceptor molecule?

A

Oxygen 2

60
Q

In early stages of mitosis a structure appears and functions to organize the protein subunits of the middle mitotic spindle. This is the

A

Centrosome

61
Q

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle do not capture all of the potential energy in a glucose molecule because

A

Some energy is always lost as heat during chemical reactions

64
Q

A DNA sequence that signals the start of a gene is?

A

Promoter

65
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology described by Watson and crick describes

A

The directional flow of genetic information in cells

66
Q

What protects the mRNA from the cellular enzymes?

A

Cap and Tail

67
Q

What enzyme is used for the synthesis of DNA?

A

Polymerases

68
Q

What are exons?

A

Exons are coding sequences of DNA

69
Q

What are Introns?

A

Introns are non- coding sequences of DNA

70
Q

In an operon, what acts as an on/off switch?

A

Operator

71
Q

How does repressors work?

A

Repressors act by blocking the binding of RNA polymerase to the operator

72
Q

What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?

A

DNA packing and unpacking

73
Q

What is the proper order of events in the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

74
Q

A cell spends most of its time in which of the following phases?

A

Interphase

75
Q

In mitosis the chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell during

A

Metaphase

76
Q

If the total number of chromosomes in parent cell is six, then after mitosis there will be:

A

Six chromosomes in each daughter cell

77
Q

Which sequence in the cell cycle is correct?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase telophase

78
Q

A cell biologist is studying the phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and begin to move toward the poles of the cell. Which of the faces of mitosis is the biologist studying?

A

Anaphase

79
Q

Crossing-over occurs during which of the following phases

A

Phophase I

80
Q

A geneticist is studying the Karyotype type of a person with a normal number of chromosomes which of the following would be the correct chromosome configuration?

A

22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes

81
Q

A biologist is studying a gene which is located outside the operon and codes for a repressor protein that can deactivate the operon. This biologist is studying which of the following genes?

A

A regulatory gene

82
Q

Which of the following structures is visible during cell division?

A

Chromosomes

Biol 1408 (1 decks)

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