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BMS 333 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

Renal Phys

1
Q

In terms of osmotic pressure, what way does water diffuse?

A

to the area with the greatest osmotic pressure

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2
Q

What has a higher osmolarity a dilute or concentrated solution?

A

concentrated

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3
Q

The kidneys are located ____ and slightly _____ in the lumbar region

A

dorsally and slighly posteriorly

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4
Q

T/F Simple diffusion is the organized movement of molecules with transporters

A

False, it is the random movement of molecules. (Brownian motion)

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5
Q

Is energy required for active transport?

A

Yes

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6
Q

T/F The osmolality of a urine sample which has both ionized and undisassociated substances measures 300 osmol of .15 mol/L exerts different osmotic pressure than 1 L of solution that has 300 osmol of 0.3 mol/L of glucuse which is intact.

A

F-same osmotic pressure.

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7
Q

T/F one kidney is usually more cranial and less attached to the abdominal wall.

A

False, one kidney is more cranial and more attached to the abdominal wall

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8
Q

A hypotonic solution has a _____effective osmotic pressure than red blood cell solution.

A

lower

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9
Q

What is the effect of decreased Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid?

A

ECF osmolarity decreases

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10
Q

What 2 characteristics will make diffusion go faster?

A

A larger gradient and a more permeable membrane

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11
Q

Name four ways solutes interact at biological membranes

A

Diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport secondary active transport

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12
Q

In simple diffusion, if there is a concentration gradient, what way do molecules, ions or particles move?

A

Down a concentration gradient or from high concentration(High % of solutes) to low concentration.

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13
Q

When Na+ leaks into cells what happens?

A

Na+K+ATPases pump them back out at about the same rate.

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14
Q

What is the difference between secondary and primary active transport?

A

Transporter does not hydrolyze ATP and uses potential energy from elsewhere in the cell.

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15
Q

What is one of the main tasks of the kidney?

A

To control the osmolarity of the animal

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16
Q

T/F Glucose is an effective osmol

A

True-it cannot cross membranes

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17
Q

Water moves from ____ to _____ concentration.

A

high to low

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18
Q

What species can this kidney be found in?

A

Cat, Dog, Sheep and Goat

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19
Q

An effective osmole, generates __________, because it creates a ______ in water concentration.

A

n osmotic pressure, difference.

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20
Q

Movement of Na+ at the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule uses _____by Na+K+ATPase.

A

Active transport

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21
Q

during simple diffusion what makes it faster?

A

A bigger gradient and a more permeable membrane

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22
Q

Diffusion is the movement of solute _____ or _____ its concentration gradient.

A

Down or with

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23
Q

At the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule the movement of glucose and amino acids move solute _______their concentration gradient using ____generated by the ____ movement of Na. This is called ______

A

against , potential energy, downhill, secondary transport

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24
Q

What is the Hilus do in the Kidney?

A

It is the cleft where the renal artery, renal vein and ureter enter the kidney

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25
Q

When NaCl disassociates to for Na+ and Cl-, How many osmols does .5 mole of substance equal?

A

1 osmol

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26
Q

Which would have a greater effect on the volume of a cell at equilibrium: solution A composed of 300 mosM NaCl and 200 mosM urea, or solution B composed of 200 mosM NaCl and 300 mosM urea?

A

Solution B- Hypotonic to the cell. Water will move in Solution A would be isotonic to the cell because urea is a penetrating solute.We can ignore its concentration at equlibrium. This solution is isotonic to the cell.

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27
Q

Can NaCl easily penetrate most cell membranes?

A

No- because they are charged ions

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28
Q

Ca 2+ is how many mEq?

A

300 mEq/L

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29
Q

How long does simple diffusion occur for?

A

Until equlibrium

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30
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water

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31
Q

what is osmotic pressure?

A

quantitative measurement of the tendency of water to diffuse

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32
Q

Facilitated diffusion is the solute _____ or _____ its concentration gradient

A

down or with

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33
Q

In terms of particles, what determines osmotic pressure?

A

the number of particles

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34
Q

this is the kidney of what animal?

A

Cow

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35
Q

T/F Energy is not required for facilitated diffusion

A

True

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36
Q

How is energy provided during active transport?

A

Via the hydrolysis of ATP by a solute.

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37
Q

What is electrochemical equivalence?

A

Same as molarity but assumes not all solutes have the same charge. (H+ has half the Charge of Ca2+)

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38
Q

How do we define concentration in terms of fluid therapy?

A

% or parts of solute per 100 of solvent

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39
Q

T/F diffusion is slower at high concentrations

A

F-faster

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40
Q

Active transport is an ______ movement and ______energy.

A

uphill, requires

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41
Q

What kidney is located more cranially?

A

usually the right except in the pig

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42
Q

This is the kidney of what animal?

A

Horse

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43
Q

How much water makes up the body?

A

60%

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44
Q

what is the universal physiological solvent?

A

Water, solvent for chemicals in the body

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45
Q

Solute moves from ____ to _____ in secondary active transport.

A

low to high

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46
Q

In Osmosis does water move from an area where water concentration is higher or lower?

A

Water moves down its concentration gradiet Water will move to the area with high solute low water concentration.

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47
Q

What are the membranes of cells generally made of?

A

Lipid Bilayer (Thin film of lipid)

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48
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

A difference in concentrations

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49
Q

T/F Knowing the osmolarity of a solution can tells us its tonicity

A

False - we need to know if the soluts are pentrating

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50
Q

What is tonicity of a solution?

A

The amount of effective osmols in a fluid.

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51
Q

What will happen if a Red Blood cell is put in a hypotonic solution?

A

It swells and the solution is said to be hypotonic to plasma

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52
Q

In active transport solutes move ______ and _____ its concentration gradient

A

up and against

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53
Q

Why is water ideal for transporting media into cells and throughout the body? ?

A

High specific heat (heat can be absorbed without a large temp. increase) Provides lubrication to minimize friction

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54
Q

T/F Diffusion requires energy

A

False

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55
Q

What is Molarity?

A

A more precise term for defining the amt. of solute (in moles) (moles per liter)

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56
Q

How is osmolarity different from molarity?

A

disassociation Concentration of NaCl-moles of NaCl per liter Osmolarity od 1 M NaCl solution = 2 Osm (1 mole contains 2 moles of potentially osmotically active ions. (Na and Cl)

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57
Q

what species is this structure found in?

A

Pig

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58
Q

The transprt or Na+, K+, and Cl- in the macula densa to monitor glomecular fileration uses ______ across the membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

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59
Q

In moles what is the concentration of NaCl in physiological saline?

A

150 mM

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60
Q

In the luminal membrane of the promixal tubule how does glucose and other amino acids move into the cell?

A

Secondary active transport-Na+ goes into cell via a gradient established by NA+K+ATPase and that enegry is used.

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61
Q

What contributes to the tone of a solution and what is it called?

A

Only particles that for which a membrane is not permeable called an effective osmol.

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62
Q

Kidneys release _____ that is important in regulating blood pressure

A

renin

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63
Q

Water moves from _____ to _____ Osmolarity.

A

Water Moves from Low to High Osmolarity.

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64
Q

When is facilitated diffusion used?

A

If the membrane is not permeable to solute (polar or charged)

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65
Q

What is an effective osmole?

A

A solute on one side of a membrane (it cannot penetrate) creates a difference in water concentration tthat which creates osmotic pressure.

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66
Q

What makes the kidney difficult to discern?

A

perirenal fat-protective function

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67
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

Clean the blood Maintenance of extracellular fluid Endocrine function

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68
Q

Solute moves from ____ to ______ during active transport.

A

low to high

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69
Q

_____ is released from the kidney and aids in red blood cell production

A

EPO

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70
Q

What does facilitated diffusion use for transport across the membrane?

A

Transporters or pores

71
Q

_________gradients are critical in driving both solute and slovent accross membranes.

A

Chemical

72
Q

T/F in a normal state the solution of erythrocytes is in osmotic equilibrium with plasma

A

True-

73
Q

How does the kidney clean the blood?

A

Filters blood to produce an ultrafiltrate Selectively reabsorbs desired components and returns them to bloodstream/

74
Q

If a cells volume increases in response to a solution, the solution is said to be ____ to the cell.

A

Hypotonic

75
Q

What provides the energy in active transport?

A

hydrolysis of ATP

76
Q

What is an example of simple diffusion in the kidney?

A

In the late proximal tubule, paracellular Cl- is reabsorbed.

77
Q

Diffusion is a _____ movement.

A

downhill

78
Q

What can cross a lipid bilayer?

A

lipid soluable molecules like oxygen and CO2

79
Q

What is one of the most important functions of the kidney?

A

Handle water and Na+

80
Q

In Secondary active transport, solute moves _____ or _____ its concentration gradient

A

up or against

81
Q

Where is the kidney situated on each side?

A

Fossa of the liver

82
Q

In a practical sense, what is the tone of a solution infused into the blood compared with?

A

The solution inside RBC’s

83
Q

What is molality?

A

moles per kg of solvent

84
Q

What is required on facilitated diffusion?

A

a transporter

85
Q

high osmotic pressure occurs when?

A

when there is a greater number of particles

86
Q

In the kidney how does glucose move into the cells?

A

Active transport (Glucose into blood from lumen-low to high)

87
Q

What uses active transport in the kidney?

A

Na+K+ATPase moves Na+ at the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule and other nephron sections.

88
Q

How many kg is 1 L

A

1 L if water = 1 kg

89
Q

What is the main difference in active transport and secondary actuve transport

A

In secondary active transport, ATP is not hydrolzed by the transporter, instead ATP generated in other areas of the cell for energy and this process usesit as potrntial energy

90
Q

What is the electrochemical equlivance of saline?

A

One equlivant (eq) combines with or replaces 1 mole of H+Na+ in saline is about 150 mEq/L

91
Q

What happens to red blood cells in a hypertonic solution?

A

They shrink called crenated cells.

92
Q

How many Eq is one mole of Ca2+?

A

2

93
Q

Where can facilitated diffusion be observed in the renal system?

A

In monitoring glomerular filteration, NKCC2 transports Na+, K+ and Cl- in the macala densa

94
Q

How does glucose move in most areas of the body into the cell?

A

Facilitated diffusion

95
Q

What is central to how the kidney works?

A

Osmolarity Differences

96
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

It has a lower effective osmotic pressure than the solution of RBCs

97
Q

1 eq is equal to what?

A

Same charge (positive or negative)

98
Q

In the late proximal tubule of the kidney, paracellular reabsorption of Cl- uses _______

A

Diffusion

99
Q

What is the percent concentration of physiological saline?

A

0.9% NaCl (parts per 100)

100
Q

You place a cell with an internal concentration of 300 mosM in a 400 mosM solution. What happens to the volume and osmolarity of the cell at equilibrium?

A

We don’t know what happenes to the volume cause we don’t know if the solute is penetratable or nonpenetrateable Osmolarity increases Thus you can predict that the cell will become more concentrated, either because water moves out into the solution, or because penetrating solute moves into the cell. You do not know the solutes in the solution, and you do not know the relative volumes of the cell and the solution. Without this information, you cannot say what the actual osmolarity will be at equilibrium. You can only say that osmolarity has increased.

101
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement `opposite to natural diffusion, usually needs a carrier

102
Q

If water is the universal solvent why cannot it easily go into cells?

A

The lipid bilayer is hydrophobic

103
Q

For osmosis to occur, the membrane must _____permeable to the solute in question

A

Not (otherwise it would move down its concentration gradient until water inside = water outside)

104
Q

T/F Energy is required for simple diffusion

A

F

105
Q

T/F Knowing the osmolarity of a solution can tells us its tonicity

A

False

106
Q

T/F The kidneys are located outside the perintoneum

A

True called retroperitoneally

107
Q

T/F diffusion is passive

A

True-no energy required

108
Q

What is it called when ions or molecules are at the same concentration?

A

Equilibrium

109
Q

If Na+ is in solution would it move to where there is more Na+ or less?

A

Less, it always moves from high to low concentration by diffusion regardless of the presence of other substances

110
Q

How much cardiac output does the Kidney receive?

A

25%

111
Q

How does water get into a cell?

A

Through protein channels that provide pores for water and water soluable substances.

112
Q

1 Osmol = ?

A

1 mole of nonionized or nondisassociated substance

113
Q

In facilitated diffusion what way do molecules move?

A

High Concentration to Low

114
Q

T/F Ions always generate osmotic pressure

A

F- since membranes differ in permeability, just because something that can generate osmotic pressure does not mean that it always does.

115
Q

The difference between the cortex and medulla is ________ and _________.

A

physical and chemical

116
Q

Dogs and cats have a _________ kidney

A

Unilobular

117
Q

Where is the renal papilla?

A

At the base of the renal pyramid

118
Q

What does the structure of the renal papilla have?

A

An area full of holes called the area cribosa

119
Q

In unilobular kidneys what is the renal papilla called?

A

Renal crest

120
Q

why is the renal papilla full of holes?

A

To allow drainage of urine from the medulla to the renal pelvis

121
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

122
Q

What lines the nephron?

A

epithelium

123
Q

what are the two types of nephron?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

124
Q

Where does the cortical nephron turn?

A

outer medulla

125
Q

where does juxtamedullary nephron turn?

A

inner medulla

126
Q

How do the different types of nephron differ?

A

Ability to absorb various things and the way they respond to some hormones. We can attribute this to the difference in location

127
Q

Dogs and cats only have a ________nephron

A

juxtamedullary

128
Q

Beavers only have a ______ nephron

A

cortical

129
Q

Where are the renal corpuscles found?

A

Only in the cortex

130
Q

What type of tubules are found in the cortical labyrinth?

A

proximal and distal convoluted tubules

131
Q

What is found in the outer zone of the medulla?

A

loops of henle, distal straight tubules, and collecting ducts

132
Q

where are the collecting ducts located in the kidney and what is their function?

A

Inner Medulla and transport urine to the renal crest.

133
Q

Where is the site of filtration?

A

Renal corpuscle

134
Q

What is the first step in renal physiology?

A

Filteration

135
Q

How does the glomerulus filter blood?

A

Blood enters and it is squeezed through walls of capillaries

136
Q

Where does the filtrate from the glomerulus collect?

A

Bowman’s capsule

137
Q

Where do the capillaries enter on the renal corpuscle?

A

The vascular pole

138
Q

Where does the proximal tubule leave the renal corpuscle?

A

At the urinary pole

139
Q

What generates high pressure in the glomerulus?

A

The stretchiness difference of arterioles

140
Q

What arteriole generates more resistance to blood flow, afferent/efferent?

A

Efferent

141
Q

The _______ comes back around to make contact with the arterioles/glomerulus in a region called ____

A

distal straight tubule, macula densa

142
Q

Why are the capillaries of the glomerulus fenestrated/

A

to allow blood to get filtered into the urinary space.

143
Q

The intraglomerular cells are called _______ and they are ________, ___________ and __________

A

mesangial cells, supportive , contractile, and phagocytic

144
Q

where are the extraglomerular mesangial cells located?

A

vascular pole

145
Q

What are extraglomerular cells important for?

A

renin-angiotensin system

146
Q

The macula densa is in close association with _______ __________ _________ and has no _______ ____________.

A

extraglomerular mesenglial cells, basal lamina.

147
Q

The visceral layer of the glomerulus makes _______ contact with the ________ and is the ________

layer

A
148
Q

What type of epithelium is the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle?

A

simple squamous

149
Q

What type of cells are found in the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle?

A

podocytes-help with filtration

150
Q

Podocyes in the visceral layer of the glomerulus have

A

specilized processes called pedicels that wrap around capillaries and interdigitate with other podocytes/pedicels.

151
Q

The epithelium of the filtration has ______ to aid in the 1st step of filtration.

A

pores of different sizes in the capillaries

152
Q

The capillaries are enveloped in

A

cells

153
Q

The macula densa is part of _________ tubule and ______ part of the glomerulus

A

distal, not

154
Q
A
155
Q

The juxtamedullary nephron and cortical nephron differ by _______ and _______.

A

location and depth of loop of henle

156
Q

Where is the basal lamina in the renal corpuscle?

A

in the visceral layer

157
Q

What is the glomerular basement membrane composed of?

A

lamina rara (interna and externa) and lamina densa

158
Q

plasma passes through 3 filters: _______ _______ and ______

A

fenestrated capillary, glomerular basement membrane and a slit diaphram

159
Q

Filtration in the renal corpuscle is based on ______ and ______.

A

size and charge

160
Q

the capillaries of the glomerulus are covered in ______ and ________ which ______ negativly charged molecules.

A

laminin and fibronectin, repel

161
Q

the filtration barrier repels ______-

A

negatively charged ions

162
Q

Which of the following anatomical portion of a nephron connects the Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

163
Q

As glomerular filtrate moves through the ascending loop of Henle, the filtrate becomes more dilute: why?

A

The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water

164
Q
A
165
Q

Most reabsorption occurs in the _______

A

proximal tubule

166
Q

Which molecule is entirely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

Glucose

167
Q

If increase the diameter of the afferent arteriole then

A

The GFR decreases

168
Q

Blocking production of renin in juxtaglomerular cells cause urine production to

A

increase

169
Q

The nephron is bad at reabsorbing _______

A

proteins

170
Q

What drives fluid movement out of the glomerulus?

A

hydrostatic and onconic pressures

171
Q

Where is the protein concentration higher?

A

Capillaries-generates an osmotic pull of fluid into the capillaries

172
Q

Clinical evaluation of renal function is done by measuring _______ and _________.

A

Creatine or BUN

173
Q
A

BMS 333 (5 decks)

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