Exam 3 Flashcards
What are types of symbiosis?
Mutalism, commenalism and parasitism
Where do symbiosis occur?
Endosymbiosis live inside the host and Ecotsymbiosis attach outside
What is mutalism?
both organisms benefit
What are examples of mutalism?
nitrogen fixing, lichens, mycorrihae, flashlight fish
What are different mutalism sybionts?
protozoa, insects and ruminants
What are three types of nitrogen fixing symbionts?
Gram-negative, actinomycetes and Microsymbiont Anabaena
What is a gram negative symbionts?
heterotrophic soil bacteria, Rhizobia, symbiont with plants of legume family
What is an actinomycetes symbionts?
Frankia, symbiont with non-leguminous actinorhizal plants, such as alder, californiz lilac and australian pine
What is a microsymbiont Anabaena?
have symbiotic association with water fern Azolla
What is reduced during nitrogen fixation?
Nitrogen is reduced to ammunium by nitrogenase
What is part of nitrogenase?
dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase
What are the nitrogen proteins components?
Both have iron and dinitrogenase has molybdenum, part of cofactor FeMo-co
What happens to mitrogenase when exposed to oxygen?
irreversibly destroyed
How is the destruction of nitrogenase avioded?
rhizobia-legume symbiosis have leghemoglobin that bind to oxygen near nitrogenase
What was the Nif gene found?
by studying the Klebsiella pneumoniae gene for dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase
How many Nif genes were identified?
20 genes, grouped into 7 nif operons
What makes the nitrogenase complex?
Nitrogenase (component 1) and Dinitrogenase reductase (component 2) are formed indepently to make it
What else does nitrogenase reduce?
Cyanide, acetylene and other triply bounded compounds
What assays the activity of nitrogenase?
the reduction of acetylene to ethylene
What are lichens?
a symbiosis between fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. mostly ascomycota
Where are lichen found?
in diverse places from deserts, Arctics and Antarctic
Where do lichen grow?
Inhospitable environments, function as primary colonizers of stressful habitats
Who eats lichens?
animals like reindeer and caribou
What are lichens senitive to?
air pollution, ie. sulfur and nitrogen
What are lichens natural indicators of?
air quality
What are mycorrhizae?
a symbiosis between fungi and plants
What do plants get from the mycorrhizae?
mineral nutrients
What do mycorrhizae get from the plants?
carbohydrates
What are the major types of mycorrhizae?
ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza
Where do ectomycorrhizae grow?
woody plants, pine, oak and birch
What is the mycelium?
a sheath or mantle around the roots of the symbiont plant.
What comes from the mycelium mantle?
a hyphal network called hartig net extends into the root between the cells
How many vascular plants have endomycorrhizae?
80%
Where do the endomycorrhizae grow?
into the root cortical cells, forming special structures
How are endomycorrhizae divided?
arbuscular, orchid and ericoid mycorrhizae based on morphology and host plant
What kind of symbiotic relationship does a flashlight fish have?
luminscent bacteria with Anomalopidae fish family
WHat is the light used for?
communication, lure prey and confuse predators
What are types of protozoa are symbionts with bacteria?
endosymbionts of paramecium aurelia and amoebas
How are symbionts of protozoa determined?
Highly host specific and specific genes
What do endosymbiotic bacteria produce for the protozoa?
cellulose and assist in the digestion of cellulose
What is the symbiont bacteria have with insects?
endosymbionts help digest wood cellulose in cockroaches and termites
What are symbiosis of ruminants?
microotganisms have a mutualistic relationship with plant eating animals
What do the symbionts do?
decompose cellulous and other plant materials, obtain vitamin and proteins for ruminants
What is parasitism?
symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms, 1 benefits by growth and reproduction at the harm of the other
What can microorganisms do?
Act as parasites of plants and animals that cause disease of host
What is potato late blight?
most devastating plant disease, 1 mil died in 1845-49, Great Irish Famine
How do pathogenic microorganisms affect humans?
Invade and cause diseases killing millions
What is the prorozoan genus Plasmodium?
Malaria affects 400 mil most children
What is Chlamydiae?
a bacterial phylum, obligate intracellular pathogen, disease in birds, humans and mammals
How does Chlamydiae synthesize its energy?
It doesn’t, takes from host metabolic energy
What is Bdellovibrio?
curved g - bacterium, micro leach, highly mobile, preys on gram - bacteria by boring into outer membrane and multipling in the periplasm
How does Bdellovibrio multiple?
after cells divides, the host cell lysis
What is commensalism?
Symbiotic relationship, 1 org benefits the other org is unaffected
Microorganisms are commensalistic in whos microflora?
Humans
What symbiosis have dynamic relations?
mutualism, commensalism and parasitism
How can symbiosis change?
based on environmental conditions, by other infections, broad spectrum antibiotics or impaired immune systems from disease or treatment
What are 3 types of lichens?
Crustose - crust like, foliose - leaf like, fruitose - scrub like
What does mycellium do?
protects algae, absorbs water/mineral,
What is Vibrio fischeri?
gram - bacteria in temperate and warm waters, bioluminescence
What is AHL?
acyl homoserine lactones, activates bioluminescence
What is Chlamydiae Trachomatis?
has 15 serotypes
What is trachoma?
type of C. Trachomatis, causes blindness
What is an Elementary bodies?
attaches to host cells, induces phagocytosis, infectious stage
What is a Reticulate bodies?
EB becomes, binary fussion produce EB
How is C. trachomatis ID?
Giemsa stain and fluorescent antibodies
What is Lymphogranulma?
C. trachomatis, 2 types: nongonocal urethritis, muropurulent cervicitis
What is muropurulent cervicitis?
Female, yellow, green discharge, causes pelvic inflammatory disease if not treated, ocular infection, protocolitis-homo males, passed to infants at birth cause pneumonia & eye infection. treatment doxycycline
What is nongonocal urethritis?
males, transmitted sexually, pain urination/ discharge
What is Chlamydiae pneumoniae?
has EB/RB life cycle, atypical pneumonia, leads to bronchitis, sinus infection
WHat is Chlamydia psittaci?
past in birds/turkeys to humans by feathers,
psihucosis - parrot fever, lead to indocarditis
