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Theories of Personality > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is phenomenology?

A

Phenomenology is a persons conscious experience of the world. This is the central insight of humanistic psychology.

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2
Q

What is a constrol?

A

A construal is your particular experienc of the world. This forms the basis of how you live your life.

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3
Q

What is introspection?

A

Introspection was used by Wilhelm Wundt, and it is when a person observes their own perceptions and thought processes.

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4
Q

What are elements of Existentialism?

A
  • Philosophical movement that began in Europe in 1800s
  • Was a reaction to rationalism, science, and the Industrial Revolution
  • Existential analysis begins with the concrete and specific experience of a human being existing at a particular moment in time and space
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5
Q

What are the three parts of experience?

A
  1. Biological experience (Umwelt)
  2. Social experience (Mitwelt)
  3. Psychological experience (Eigenwelt)
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6
Q

What is biological experience (Umwelt)?

A

Biological experience (Umwelt) consistis of the sensations you feel as a biologicam organism, such as pleasure, pain, heat, cold, ect.

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7
Q

What is social experience (Mitwelt)?

A

Social experience (Mitwelt) consists of what you think and feel as a social being, such as your emotions and thoughts about other people and the emotions and thoughts directed at you

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8
Q

What is psychological experience (Eigenwelt)?

A

Psychological ecperience (Eigenwelt) is the experience of experience itself. It consists of how you feel and think when you try to understand yourself, your own mind, and you own existence. This includes introspection.

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9
Q

What is thrown-ness?

A

Thrown-ness refers to the time, place, and circumstances that you were born in

EXAMPLE: Your experience will be different whether you were “thrown” into a medieval slave society, or a 17th century Native American Society, or present day.

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10
Q

What is angst?

A

Angst is the unpleasant feelings caused by contemplating life’s tough questions. This is also known as existential anxiety.

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11
Q

What are the three sensations associated with angst?

A
  1. Anguish
  2. Forlornness
  3. Despair
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12
Q

What is anguish?

A

Humans feel anguish because choices, although inevitable, are never perfect

EXAMPLE: Deciding to help one person may lead to the harm or suffering of another person

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13
Q

What is forlornness?

A

You become forlorn because all choices you make, and the consequences, are yours alone.

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14
Q

What is despair?

A

Despair comes with the knowledge that you are inable to change many cruical aspects of the world

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15
Q

What is bad faith?

A

Bad faith is when you avoid and ignore existential thoughts all together

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16
Q

What is authentic existence?

A

Authentic existence is when you realize you are mortal, your life is short, and you are the master of your own destiny. It requires being honest, insightful, and morally correct.

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17
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

Self-actualization is the idea that it is our basic need to actualize, maintain, and enhance our experiences.

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18
Q

Who came up with the idea of self-actualization?

A

Carl Rogers

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19
Q

What are the Hierarchy of Needs?

A

The Hierarchy of Needs is the order in which certain needs must be meet to achieve actualization

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20
Q

What is a fully functioning person?

A

A fully functioning person is someone who percieves the world accurately and without neurotic distortion, and takes responsibility for their choices.

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21
Q

What is the goal of Rogerian psychotherapy?

A

The goal of Rogerian psychotherapy is to help the client become a fully functioning person

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22
Q

How does psychotheraphy achive it’s goal of a fully functioning person?

A

Psychotherapy achieves this goal by the therapist developing a genuine and caring relationship with the client and they provide unconditional positive regard.

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23
Q

What does the Role Construct Repertory Test do?

A

The Role Construct Repertory Test asks you to:

  1. Identify three people who are or have been important in your life
  2. Then it asks you to describe how and two of them seem similar to each other and different from the third
  3. Then you follow the same process with three important ideas, such as traits you admire
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24
Q

What is the purpose of the Role Construct Repertory Test?

A

The thought is that the REP will (through the ways you discriminate among the people, things, and ideas) reveal the constructs through which you view the world

EXAMPLE: If you frequently state that two of the things are strong and the third is weak, then it shows that “strong versus weak” is one of your personal constructs, and therefore an important part of how you frame reality

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25
Q

What are chronically accessible constructs?

A

Chronically accessible constructs are particular constructs that are more readily brought to mind in certain individuals

EXAMPLE: The idea of devastating failure might be chronically accessible to one person, so that, in everything he undertakes or even considers undertaking, the idea that it will all turn into a catastrophe is never far from his mind

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26
Q

What is the sociality corollary?

A

The sociality corollary is the idea that you must understand another person’s constructs in order to understand them fully. You must be able to look at the world through their eyes.

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27
Q

What is constructive alternativism?

A

Constructive alternativism is the idea that, depending on one’s personal constructs, any pattern of experience can lead to numerous contruals. This means wou choose the contruals you use; they’re not forced on you, since others are equally possible

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28
Q

What are scientific paradigms?

A

Scientific paradigms are frameworks for constructing the meaning of data

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29
Q

What is flow?

A

Flow is characterized by tremendous concentration, total lack of distractibility, and thoughts concerning only the activity in hand. A persons mood is also elevated slightly, and time seems to pass very quickly.

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30
Q

Who experiences flow?

A
  • Flow is usually experienced by a writer writing, a painter painting, a gardener gardening, or a baseball player waiting for the next pitch.
  • Flow has also been reported by surgeons, dancers, and chess players in the midst of intense matches.
  • Computers have also been known to induce flow. Someone playing video games late into the night, seemingly oblivious to any distractions or the passage of time, is likely experiencing flow
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31
Q

Under what conditions does flow happen?

A
  • Flow happens when the challenges an activity presents are well matched with your skill
    • If that activity is too difficult or too confusing, you will experience anxiety, worry, and frustration
    • If the activity is too easy, you will experience boredom and anxiety
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32
Q

What type of people benefit from activities that promote flow?

A

People high in locus of control benefit the most from activities meant to promote flow

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33
Q

What are the two routes to happiness?

A
  1. Hedonia
  2. Eudaimonia
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34
Q

What is hedonia?

A

Hedonia is the route one seeks simply to maximize pleasure and minimize pain to the exclusion of other goals

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35
Q

What is eudaimonia?

A

Eudaimonia requires finding and seeking goals that are valuable in their own right (intrinsic goals) rather than being means to an end (extrinsic goals)

36
Q

What is the most commonly sought out extrinsic goal?

A

The most commonly sought out extrinsic goal is money

37
Q

What are the three central intrinsic goals?

A
  1. Autonomy - Finding your own way in life and making your own decisions
  2. Competence - Involves finding something you are good at and becoming better
  3. Relatedness - Establishing meaningful and satisfying connections to other people
38
Q

What are the focuses of positive psychology?

A
  • Positive psychology focuses on phenomena such as positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions in order to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless
  • Positive psychology also investigates the traits, processes, and social institutions that promote a happy and meaningful life
39
Q

What are the six core virtues?

A
  1. Courage
  2. Justice
  3. Humanity
  4. Temperance
  5. Wisdom
  6. Transcendence
40
Q

What is phenomenology?

A

Phenomenology is the moment-to-moment experience of every aware person

41
Q

What is the mystery of experience?

A
  • The mystery of experience is the idea that conscious experience is both an obvious fact and a basic mystery, because it cannot be explained by science or even described very well in words
    • Though we cannot quite describe what it is to be aware and alive, every one of us knows what it is
42
Q

What is culture?

A
  • The term culture refers to psychological attributes of groups, such as customs, habits, beliefs, and values that shape emotions, behavior, and life patterns.
  • Culture can also include language, modes of thinking, and perhaps even fundamental views of reality
43
Q

What is enculturation?

A

The process of enculturation happens when a child picks up the culture they are born into

44
Q

What is acculturation?

A

The process of acculturation happens when a person who moves from one country to another country picks up the culture of their new home

45
Q

What are etics?

A

The universal components of an idea are called etics

46
Q

What are emics?

A

The more particular aspects of an idea are called emics

47
Q

What makes a culture “easy”?

A

In easy cultures, individuals can pursue many different goals and at least some of them are relatively simple to attain

48
Q

What makes a culture “tough”?

A

In tough cultures, only a few goals are viewed as valuable and few ways are available to achieve them

49
Q

What are tight cultures?

A

Tight cultures tolerate very little deviation from proper behavior

50
Q

What are loose cultures?

A

Loose cultures are those that allow fairly large deviations from cultural norms

51
Q

What is selective migration?

A

Selective migration is the idea that different kinds of people are attracted to different cities

EXAMPLE: Artists and scientists may prefer to live in Boston or Los Angeles, over Oklahoma or Omaha

52
Q

What are verticle societies?

A

Vertical societies assume that individual people are importantly different from each other

EXAMPLE: A collectivistic-vertical society might enforce strong authority on its members (China). An individualistic-vertical society would have a strong authority but also the freedom to support oneself in a market economy (France)

53
Q

What are horizontal societies?

A

Horizontal societies tend to view all people as essentially equal

EXAMPLE: A collectivistic-horizontal society might have weaker authority but a strong ethic that enforces equality and sharing (Israel). An individualistic-horizontal society would value individual freedom but also assume that meeting everyone’s needs is a shared obligation (Norway)

54
Q

What are the three dimensions that Lang and Cohen belive that cultures differ on?

A
  1. Honor
  2. Face
  3. Dignity
55
Q

What are elements of dignity cultures?

A
  • Western cultures in general, and US in particular are dignity cultures
  • Individuals are valuable in their own right and this value does not come from what other people think of them
  • Tend to emerge in market economies that are based on equal exchange of goods and services among free individuals
56
Q

What are elements of honor cultures?

A
  • Cultures of honor are said to emerge in environments where the forces of civilization, such as laws and police, are weak or nonexistent and people must protect themselves, their families, and their own property
  • A couple examples are the historic American South, and Latin America
  • Members of honor cultures are highly sensitive to threats to their reputations, which maybe way US states that are part of this culture have higher rates of suicide, and individuals who endorse honor values are at higher risk for depression, no matter where they live
57
Q

What are elements of face cultures?

A
  • Cultures of face emerge in societies that have stable hierarchies based on cooperation, such as Japan or China
  • People in face cultures are motivated to protect each others social image by being careful not to insult, overtly criticize, or even disagree with each other in public
  • Authority figures a respected and obeyed, and controversy is avoided
58
Q

What are the 3 H’s important to face cultures?

A
  1. Hierarchy
  2. Humility
  3. Harmony
59
Q

Describe holistic thinking?

A

Holistic thinking is explaining events in context rather than in isolation, and seeking to integrate divergent points of view rather than set one against another. Japanese and Chinese people tend to think this way.

EXAMPLE: A person might be more likely to describe themselves in contradictory terms (I am friendly but shy), and use more holistic phrases such as “I am someone insignificant in the universe”

60
Q

What are the 10 universal values, as found by Schwarts and Sagiv

A
  1. Power
  2. Achievement
  3. Hedonism
  4. Stimulation
  5. Self-direction
  6. Understanding
  7. Benevolence
  8. Tradition
  9. Conformity
  10. Security
61
Q

What is deconstructionism?

A
  • Deconstructionism is the idea that reality has no meaning apart from what humans invent, or “construct”.
  • It implies that any answer to why a culture is the way it is would itself have to be based on the assumptions of another culture
62
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Ethnocentrism is when you judge another culture from the point of view of your own

EXAMPLE: The Danish mother visiting New York didn’t realize that parking her baby outside the restaurant wasn’t problem

63
Q

Describe the outgroup homogeneity bias?

A

The outgroup homogeneity bias happens when one’s own group seems to contain individuals who differ widely from each other, but members of groups that you do not belong to all seem to be the same

EXAMPLE: Students at one college may have stereotypes about what other students at another college are like, but they are well aware that the students at their own college are very different from one another

64
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Cultural relativism is the phenomenologically based idea that all cultural views of reality are equally valid, and that it is presumptuous and ethnocentric to judge any of them as good or bad

65
Q

What is in empiricism?

A

Empiricism is the idea that all knowledge comes from experience. Empiricists believe that at birth, the mind is essentially empty.

66
Q

What is rationalism?

A

Rationalism is the opposing view to empiricism, it believes that the structure of the mind determines our experience of reality

67
Q

What is the associationism?

A

Associationism is the claim that any two things, including ideas, become mentally associated as one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time

EXAMPLE: Lightning flashes, and then thunder booms, so thunder and lightning become associated in the minds of all who experienced this combination.

68
Q

What is hedonism?

A

Hedonism claims that people learn for two reasons: to seek pleasure and avoid pain

69
Q

What is utilitarianism?

A

Utilitarianism claims that the best society is one that creates the most happiness for the largest number of people

70
Q

What are three types of learning in behaviorism?

A
  1. Habituation
  2. Classical conditioning
  3. Operant conditioning
71
Q

What is habituation?

A

Habituation happens when repeated exposure to something lowers its intensity of feeling

EXAMPLE: If someone repeatedly sneaks up behind you and makes a loud sound, eventually the sound will not make you scared

72
Q

How can the effects of habituation be reduced?

A

Habituation can be reduced if the stimulus changes or increases with every repetition

73
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Learned helplessness is the feeling of anxiety due to unpredictability. Receiving random rewards and punishments can lead to the belief that nothing one does really matters.

74
Q

What are the five most important principles in punishment?

A
  1. Availability of alternatives
  2. Behavioral and situational specificity
  3. Timing and consistency
  4. Conditioning secondary punishing stimuli
  5. Avoiding mixed messages
75
Q

What is expectancy value theory?

A

Expectancy value theory assumes that behavioral decisions are determined not just by the presence or size of reinforcements, but also by beliefs about the likely results of behavior

76
Q

What is specific expectancy?

A

A specific expectancy is the belief that a certain behavior, and a certain time and place, will lead to a specific outcome

EXAMPLE: Just after lunch on Tuesday you ask Maria for a date on Friday night, will she say yes? The expected answer may depend on all of the following factors: When you asked the question, whom you asked the question, and when the date is scheduled

77
Q

What are generalized expectancies?

A

Generalized expectancies are the beliefs about whether anything you do is likely to make a difference

EXAMPLE: People with high generalized expectancies believe that the reinforcements they enjoy, and the punishments they avoid, are directly a function of what they do

78
Q

What’s the difference between externalandinternal locus of control?

A
  • Internal locus of control are people with high generalized expectancies and thus tend to think that what they do affects what happens to them
  • People with external locus of control have low generalized expectancies and tend to think that what they do will not make a difference
79
Q

What are efficacy expectations?

A

Efficacy expectation is the perceived probability that you can do something in the first place

EXAMPLE: Someone with a snake phobia wishes not to fear snakes yet does not believe he could ever get near want. If this belief changes, he will be able to approach snakes and conquer his phobia.

80
Q

What is your self-concept?

A

Your self-concept is the way that you view yourself that will influence your efficacy expectation

EXAMPLE: If you think you are extremely attractive, you’re more likely to attempt to date someone who interests you than you would be if you saw yourself as unattractive

81
Q

What are the three aspects of reciprocal determinism?

A
  1. You choose the environment that influences you
  2. Social situations in your life change because you’re there
  3. A self system develops that has its own effects on behavior, independent of the environment
82
Q

What is the cognitive mechanism of priming?

A

Priming is when concepts that are consistently activated, perhaps due to the individual’s personality, or that have been recently activated, perhaps by some significant event, tend to come to mind quickly

EXAMPLE: The cognitive system of a shy person may include so many memories and feelings related to social rejection and humiliation that they’re recalled by the slightest hint

83
Q

What is rejection sensitivity?

A

When someone has rejection sensitivity and they are discussing a relationship problem with a romantic partner, the slightest expression of your irritation may lead him to conclude that he is being rejected, leading to an anxious or even panicked response

84
Q

What is perceptual defense?

A

Perceptual defense is the idea that the perceptual system appears to have the ability to screen out information that might make the individual anxious or uncomfortable

85
Q
A

Theories of Personality (2 decks)

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