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Dentler Exam 3 Red > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

converting glucose to glycogen would

A

require energy

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2
Q

which of these reactions would have the greatest release of energy

A

NADH –> NAD

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3
Q

the change in free energy in a reaction be be expressed. what value for delta G would you expect for the hydrolysis of ATP

A
  • (delta G)
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4
Q

as you run to class, your body converted _____ energy to _____ with the loss of _____.

A

chemical potential; kinetic; heat

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5
Q

what is the minimum number of nucleotides would be required in an mRNA that codes for the synthesis of the 319 amino acid PFK1?

A

960

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6
Q

which of the following molecules has the greatest amount of potential energy that can be used by a cell

A

pyruvate

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7
Q

when NAD is reduced to from NADH:

A

NAD accepts an electron and a hydrogen ion

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8
Q

why does a 10 oz steak contain potential energy

A

it contains protein

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9
Q

glucose is stored in plants as ___ and in animals as ___.

A

starch; glycogen

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10
Q

glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions by which the cell can obtain ATP. NAD+ has a crucial role in the run of glycolysis by

A

accepting electrons from glucose so that glucose becomes partially oxidized to pyruvate

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11
Q

during glycolysis, ATP is made from

A

ADP and phosphate

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12
Q

what happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose during glycolysis

A

it is stored in NADH and FADH2 and later transferred to the electron transport system in mitochondria to transport protons

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13
Q

why has it become evolutionary important for a cell to have enzymes for fermentation

A

to obtain NAD that can be reduced to NADH during glycolysis

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14
Q

where are the enzymes that mediate glycolysis located

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

what do yeast metabolize that leads to the production of carbon dioxide when bread rised

A

protein and carbs in the flour

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16
Q

citric acid cycle takes place in the

A

mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

the majority of energy generated in the citric acid cycle is in the form of

A

energy electrons donated to NAD+ and FADH

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18
Q

when fats are used as an energy source, the fatty acids are broken down to acetyl - CoA. That means that fats bypass the reaction of ___ and enter the respiratory pathway at ___.

A

glycolysis; the citric acid cycle

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19
Q

enzymes change the ___ of the rxn

A

rate

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20
Q

enzymes in lysosomes have a pH optimum that is lower than the enzymes in the solute cytoplasm of cells. of what advantage could that be to a cell

A

the enzymes would be inactive if lysosomal membranes broke in a cell and release the enzyme

21
Q

the ___ form of the electron carries have high potential energy

A

reduces

22
Q

the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is

A

oxygen

23
Q

what do these proteins do with the energy provided by NADH and FADH

A

the concentrate protons by by transporting them into the space between inner and outer membranes

24
Q

how does oxygen exit mitochondrion

A

by diffusion across the inner and outer membrane lipid bilayers

25
Q

what is the difference between a hydrogen ion and a proton

A

nothing

26
Q

where is the ATPsynthase complex associated with chi osmosis anchored

A

the mitochondrial inner membrane/cristae

27
Q

do you expect ATP synthesis to continue in the presence of low concentrations of detergent

A

no, because with leaky membrane, H+ gradient c cannot be maintained

28
Q

how many chromosomes are present in the motel sperm cells of animals

A

12

29
Q

during metaphase of mitosis

A

sister chromatids are linked to spindle microtubules by their kinetochores

30
Q

during metaphase of meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes are linked to each other by synaptonemal complexes

31
Q

what motor protein might you expect to pull the chromosomes towards the spindle poles

A

dynein

32
Q

which of these structures break during the transition between mitotic metaphase and anaphase

A

centromeres

33
Q

which phase of cell division are homologous chromosomes seperates

A

anaphase 1 of meiosis

34
Q

an enzyme that attaches a phosphate group to another molecule is

A

kinase

35
Q

which major checkpoint delays the cell cycle when DNA replication is incomplete

A

G2 checkpoint

36
Q

cyclins are important reulators of cell division. what kind

A

protein

37
Q

why dont cyclin-dependent kinases continuously stimulate cell divsion

A

only active when cyclin molecules are synthesized during the cell cycle

38
Q

what are “genes” and where are they found

A

portions of DNA whose nucleotides can be transcribed by rNA polymerase to assemble complementary RNA molecule that will code for assembly of protein. chromosomes are simply long pieces of DNA that contain genes

39
Q

which of these has the greatest amount of potential energy for a plant cell

A

glucose

40
Q

to phosphorylate ADP and form ATP, plant cells use chemiososis to drive ATPsynthase “motors”. where are they located in plant cells

A

cristae and thylakoid membranes

41
Q

where do you expect to find the greatest amount of ATP produces in a tree root cell

A

mitochondria

42
Q

what happens when a plant cell is in the dark

A

the plant will metabolize glucose using glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation

43
Q

what would you predict would happen if the concentration of glucose inside the liver cell is greater than the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream

A

glucose would diffuse out of the liver cell into bloodstream

44
Q

how is cyclin AMP produced

A

when activated, adenylyl Cyclades produce CAMP from ATP

45
Q

where would you expect to find a receptor for a steroid hormone like estrogen

A

cytoplasm

46
Q

what might explain the presence of a harmful gene that is not expressed

A

gene contains a promoter region at the start of the gene prevents RNA polymerase from binding and synthesizing mRNA

47
Q

what process might you focus on when studying the assembly of G2 cyclin

A

transcription of mRNA

48
Q

what would happen to a diploid cell if one of the alleles for that gene was mutated and could not produce the tumor suppressor protein

A

the cell would not be affected

Dentler Exam 3 Red (1 decks)

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