Exam 3

Question 1

What factors caused the national economy of the U.S. to emerge? (7)

Answer 1

Our national economy formed around dominant cities emerging from coast to coast urbanization

Question 2

During the East Coast period of U.S. urban development, how did city planners structure real estate? (7)

Answer 2

City planning consisted in the laying out of streets, and real estate was standardized and easily converted into varying uses (the “grid plan”).

Question 3

Which city was most prominent during the Midwest period of U.S. urban development? (7)

Answer 3

New York

Question 4

Cities planned so that people could get around by foot were called what? (7)

Answer 4

Walking cities

Question 5

Urban real estate during the West Coast period of U.S. urbanization was characterized by what? (7)

Answer 5

mixed property use, walking city and as a vast concentrated mixture of groups, classes, and functions. West coast period talks about a certain way of real estate in terms of residential and businesses.

Question 6

What is the correct sequence in the evolution of U.S. transportation? (7)

Answer 6

Steamships, Canals, Railroads, Automobiles

Question 7

Why was the development of the steamship important? (7)

Answer 7

The NYC trade route was greatly enlarged through the opening of the Eerie Canal, creating a route to the Great Lakes waterways. Transportation costs were cut to a mere fraction of what they had been prior.

Question 8

Know about the development of the automobile (7)

Answer 8

Zone of accessibility = automobiles took this from 6 miles to 25 miles - urbanites could now travel further more easily.

Question 9

How can government support affect technologies? (7)

Answer 9

Urbanite use of public transportation declines to the point that government support shifts to the automobile.Shifts. All tech begins as a luxury, if government supports it luxury becomes necessity

Question 10

Urban expansion in the 19th century had what effect(s)? (7)

Answer 10

1890s Migration out of the central city had become a “mass movement” (Flanagan, 221). 1920s: there is substantial suburban development in cities like Atlanta, Cleveland, Milwaukee, and Buffalo.

Question 11

Define metropolitan area (7)

Answer 11

extended geographical areas including suburbs and other areas within the scope of a city’s influence.

Question 12

Know about the creation of the suburbs (7)

Answer 12

Edge cities = refers to the more recent trend of systematic migration away from the urban core of cities.

Question 13

What factor(s) contributed to the rise of the Sunbelt? (7)

Answer 13

➢ Post-WWII deindustrialization and the increase of service jobs.
➢ Lower land, labor, and energy costs, as well as lower taxes, attracted businesses.
➢ Federal government policies favoring the Sunbelt region.
➢ Energy reserves were located in this region.
➢ Warmer climates.
➢ A lucrative tourist industry emerged in this region.

Question 14

The “urban ecology” perspective emphasizes which factor(s)? (8)

Answer 14

• Focuses on varying land uses in cities and the systematic relationships that tie those different uses together.
• Urban ecology envisions an urban environment characterized by interrelationships between the various facets of the city.
• Presupposes that the market itself, aided by technology will tend to create an urban system that is rational and therefore predictable.

Question 15

Which urban ecologist(s) focused on “natural areas” of evolving urban land use? (8)

Answer 15

Robert Park

Question 16

What did McKenzie’s “Ecological Framework” feature? (8)

Answer 16

➢ Tendencies toward area specialization and the segregation of dissimilar population.
➢ The centralization of specialized services and decentralization of nonspecialized services.
➢ Concentrated patterns of commercial and industrial growth = population concentration and dispersion.
➢ Competition among urbanites for territorial control, achieved through the processes of invasion and succession. Populations that move in, out and concentrate in an area.

Question 17

Know Burgess’ concentric zones (8)

Answer 17

➢	Zone 1: Central commercial zone
➢	Zone 2: transition zone
➢	Zone 3: zone of worker’s homes.
➢	Zone 4: higher quality residential zone
➢	Zone 5: commuter zone.

Question 18

Which factors led Hoyt to come up with his sectoral theory? (8)

Answer 18

he revised Burgess’ model based on his finding that homogeneous areas tend to grow outward in wedges rather than neatly defined consistent rings.

Question 19

Which urban ecologist(s) came up with the “multiple nuclei” (patchwork) model of urban land use? (8)

Answer 19

Harris & Ullman

Question 20

What were the problems with the concentric zone theory? (8)

Answer 20

Generalized, only relevant to Chicago.

Question 21

Know the modifications of the urban ecology perspective (8)

Answer 21

• Social area analysis = recognizes identifiable clusters in the city structured around three factors:
➢ Economic status
➢ Family status
➢ Ethnic classification
• Factorial ecology an expansion of social area analysis using computer technology to factor in a greater number of variables.

Question 22

What is the common idea in most forms of Political Economy theory? (8)

Answer 22

• Likewise, the Political Economy category broadened considerably to include a variety of different theoretical approaches with one thing in common: urban patterns are symptomatic of class conflict.

Question 23

Expanded sociological perspectives, both regional and global, have been made necessary by what process? (8)

Answer 23

Rationalization of space = “the unification of the economic value of different elements of population and other resources into a single strategic market system”

Question 24

Know what is true of early U.S. immigrants (5)

Answer 24

• Typically, early immigrants ended up living in the poor areas of American cities.

Question 25

Which conflict revolves around established groups and new immigrants? (5)

Answer 25

• Established groups in the U.S. suspected new immigrants of being a threat to America in many ways, generally regarding them in negative terms from the beginning of our history.

Question 26

Thoroughly understand pan-ethnicity and pan-ethnic groups (5)

Answer 26

• Pan-ethnic groups= sometimes, ethnic groups within a diverse society will move to a higher level of ethnic commonality, merging with other ethnic groups for the advantages such an arrangement provides.

Question 27

Know examples of pan-ethnic groups (5)

Answer 27

• Hispanic or Latino
• Native Americans
• Asian American
• Middle Eastern
• Muslim

Question 28

Minority group

Answer 28

defined by a lack of power, subordination to a dominate group, and a conscious self-awareness. (not called this because they are smaller (often they are, not always), Refers to the amount of power that you have even if you exceed in population you still may have less power. Men vs. women.

Question 29

Race

Answer 29

a typology of human beings loosely based on physical differences.

Question 30

Ethnicity

Answer 30

is perceived on many different levels, in different ways, and utilizes different terminology, all depending on who the “other” is in historical and/or geographical context.

Question 31

prejudice

Answer 31

attitude

Question 32

racism

Answer 32

belief system

Question 33

discrimination

Answer 33

action

Question 34

In what year did the first wave of immigrants to the U.S. stop? (5)

Answer 34

• The first wave of immigrant arrivals began with the founding of the U.S. and continued until 1921, when new anti-immigration legislation temporarily limited immigration.

Question 35

An urban neighborhood established by immigrants in the U.S. that helps future immigrants is called what? (5)

Answer 35

• Ethnic enclave = a distinct neighborhood in a city where one ethnic group lives and seeks to preserve aspects of its culture.

Question 36

What is the Great Migration? (5)

Answer 36

(WWI-1970) = a migration from the southern to northern United States that demanded a rapid transition from rural to urban life.

Question 37

In the 1950s, the initial movement to the suburbs was called what? (5)

Answer 37

• 1950s: “white flight” from the central cities to suburbs.
• From cities to suburbs, those who could afford it. Most of them were white.
• Keep minorities from living in white neighborhoods.

Question 38

What can often aggravate negative feelings toward new immigrants? (5)

Answer 38

• Xenophobic reactions to the immigrant workforce are often motivated by economic.

Question 39

Asian Americans faced intense discrimination during which period of U.S. history? (5)

Answer 39

• 1980s: Asians faced new discrimination as a global economy begins to emerge, becoming the scapegoat for the “threats” of deindustrialization and foreign competition.

Question 40

The reality of “ethnic switching” among Native Americans has raised what issue? (5)

Answer 40

• 1950-2000 the Native American population increases from 380,000 to well over 4 million.
• This increase is due to changes in enumeration techniques on the part of the Census Bureau and “ethnic switching”
• 1952: the Bureau of Indian Affairs begins a relocation program in which the majority of Native Americans eventually end up moving from reservations into urban areas.