Exam 3

Question 1

When is the middle ages, renaissance, and the enlightenment?

Answer 1

middle ages- 400-1400 CE
Renaissance- 1300-1700 CE
Enlightenment-1700’s

Question 2

3 questions we’re going to have as we go through these reasons:

Answer 2

1) how we understand and think about truth
2) the idea of human knowledge- how do we know what we know? what type of knowledge is valuable? etc.
3) the question of agency- who has it, how it it granted, etc.

Question 3

General facts about Augustine (354-420 CE)

1) likes to talk about…
2) born in ___, 200 miles from ____
3) exposed to works of ___
4) moves to __ to become…
5) converts to ___
6) he thinks you don’t…

Answer 3

1) he likes to talk about christianity- if you have the ability to speak well and speak and you want to move people towards christian faith, why not use it?
2) born 354 in Thagaste, 200 miles SW of Carthage
3) exposed to works of Cicero as a student
4) moves to Milan to become the chair of rhetoric
5) converts to christianity
6) he thinks he does not need to throw out all his training

Question 4

How does Augustine defend his use of rhetoric against those who believe it to be a “pagan” practice?

Answer 4

He says that there are still good things to be learned. if we want to be persuasive in teaching scripture and we know the rhetorical tools work, why not use them? you must teach what is right, and correct what is wrong.

Question 5

What for Augustine is the relationship between wisdom and eloquence?

1) if you can only have 1, have…
2) as related to your life

Answer 5

if you can only have one, have wisdom; god will give you the eloquence.
your life has to demonstrate the characters you’re asking your audience to adopt. encompasses the entire person.
your life can be like a flowing speech, and this will show you have wisdom and eloquence.

Question 6

Does the art of rhetoric as discussed in the middle ages have any bearing to the present day?

Answer 6

rhetoric is shown in the art of preaching and of letter writing, but there’s also situations in which you need to appeal to higher authority. how you write a letter is going to influence how a person receives you and what you’re asking.

Question 7

Rationes Dictandi (the principles of letter writing) 
5 parts to a letter:

Answer 7

1) salutations
2) securing of good will
3) narration
4) petition
5) conclusion

Question 8

3 women of the rhetorical time tradition, and their time periods

Answer 8

Christine de Pizan (Italy 1364-1430)
Sor Juana de la Cruz (Mexico 1651-1695)
Margret Fell (Great Britain 1614-1702)

Question 9

define agency

define ethos

Answer 9

agency= the ability to speak and act in such a way that will be headed by others in your community
ethos= ethics and morals of a particular community. credibility, character, and experience

Question 10

linking agency and ethos

Answer 10

they are always related- if you’re trying to speak to a community, you better display ethos! from there you’ll get agency.

Question 11

Christine de Pizan’s life story:

Europe’s first…

Answer 11

Born in Venice, and moves to Paris at young age with family. Her dad is appointed to King Charles 5th, so she gets a gread education. Parents marry her off at 15 to the royal secretary, so she stays in high position. she writes many of the diplomats, which is uncommon for F. her dad and husband dies, and she has to support kids, niece, and mom. writes to support her family. she struggles against social norms and opinions of the time. She is Europe’s first female professional writer!

Question 12

Sor Juana de la Cruz’s story:

Answer 12

Born out of wedlock in New Spain, so she has no dowry, illegitimate, dad abandons family. Lives on Grandpa’s ranch, and he’s rich so she starts reading/learning/poetry. her beauty and knowledge attract a lot of men, so she enters the court at age 13 and at age 17 demonstrates to all the men how smart/beautiful she is. 18 becomes a nun, and the leaders don’t like that she wants to read/write. One viceroy’s wife publishes her poems, and they get very popular. does analysises on church sermons, and she is attacked for speaking cause she’s a woman. Eventually stops writing cause the attacks are too much.

Question 13

Margaret Fell’s story:

Answer 13

Born in upper middle class family in Great Britain. Marries at age 18 and has 9 kids (1 dies), and she is drawn to work of George Fox, who is the founder of the Quakers. she travels with him teaching Quaker shit, even when her husband doesn’t agree with it. 1658 her husband dies, so she has no legal protection. Her oldest son allows her to keep the meetings up, but then gets arrested for 4 years. Gets released and marries Fox, and continues to speak throughout country. Many credit her as being a founder of the Quaker movement, which stresses equality between genders. Changes the way people think about woman’s ability to speak.

Question 14

why did “rhetoric begin to lose its political importance and its epistemic function began to slip away”? as we move out of the dark ages?

Answer 14

People are weary of rhetoric because it focuses on charming people, and because eloquence is so important. Only logical deduction and scientific reason are prized now.

Question 15

Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)

1) Priest in Catholic church, and concerned with…
2) De Copia is a text designed to…
3) his discussion of “copiousness” or “style” links…

Answer 15

1) concerned about religious abuses but also defends church against the Protestant revolution
2) for educating boys in speech and eloquence
3) links persuasion with the high or ornamental style

Question 16

Erasmus locates copia in 2 specific places:

Answer 16

1) “richness of expression” (synonyms, metaphors, variation in word form)
2) “richness of subject matter” (assembling, explaining, amplifying by using examples. etc. )

Question 17

What is rhetorical style?

Answer 17

The art of adapting discourse and, more specifically, use of language to the kairotic needs of the moment- the audience, the occasion, the speech setting, the purpose of the rhetorical act, and the speaker themselves.

Question 18

Copia: the abundant style

4 questions to ask

Answer 18

1) what is the purpose of copia, or the abundant style?
2) what is the use of copia for students of language and rhetoric?
3) what comprises the abundant style?
4) does rhetorical style matter today?

Question 19

Peter Rasmus (1515-1572)
1) attends University of \_\_\_
2) he bases his study on the idea that the work of Aristotle is \_\_\_
3) his primary argument is that...
4)

Answer 19

1) University of Paris and earns his masters degree in 1536
2) on the idea that the work of Aristotle is useless
3) humans are capable of reasoning for themselves; they do not need the work of Aristotle or Quintilian or anyone else- this is a reflection of the enlightenment shift away from “tradition” and towards individual ability

Question 20

Ramus and his arguments against Quintilian:

Answer 20

he sets out to prove that the orator doesn’t have to be a “good man” to be an orator, because Quintilian isn’t teaching about morality- he is concerned with rhetorical technique (according to Ramus)

Question 21

How does Ramus divide the 5 canons of rhetoric Quintilian made up?

Answer 21

1) Rhetoric or speech (includes style and delivery)

2) philosophy or reason (includes invention, arrangement, and memory)

Question 22

Why is the division of Quintilian’s 5 canons of rhetoric damaging?

Answer 22

It removes a moral dimension. it also divides rhetoric from reason, so by implication, you’re saying that rhetoric is not good for anything but style and delivery, ans it is just fluff. Rhetoric is cheapened