Exam 3 Flashcards
Health Behavior / Behavioral Immunogen
A health-enhancing behavior or habit. Actions that people take to improve or maintain their health, such as, exercising regularly, using sunscreen, etc. These behaviors interact and are often interrelated. Ex. exercising and choosing to avoid a high-fat diet.
Health Belief Model (HBM)
A non-stage theory that identifies four beliefs that influence decision making regarding health behavior: perceived susceptibility to a health threat, perceived severity of the health threat, perceived benefits or and barriers to the behavior, and cue to action (advice/factors).
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
A theory that predicts health behavior on the basis of three factors: personal attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm regarding the behavior, and perceived degree of control over the behavior.
Behavioral Intention
In theories of health behavior, the rational decision to engage in a health-related behavior or to refrain from engaging in the behavior.
Subjective Norm
An individual’s interpretation of the views of other people regarding a particular health-related behavior.
Perceived Behavioral Control
Our expectations of success in performing the health behavior.
Transtheoretical Model (TTM) / Stages of Change Model
A widely used stage theory that contends that people pass through 5 stages in altering health-related behavior: precontemplation (no serious thinking about change), contemplation (acknowledge and consider change), preparation, action, and maintenance.
Primary Prevention
Health-enhancing efforts to prevent disease or injury from occurring.
Secondary Prevention
Actions taken to identify and treat an illness or disability early in its course.
Tertiary Prevention
Actions taken to contain damage once a disease or disability has progressed beyond its early stages. Ex. chemotherapy.
Health Education
Any planned intervention involving communication that promotes the learning of healthier behavior.
Gain-Framed Message
A health message that focuses on attaining positive outcomes, or by avoiding undesirable ones, by adopting a health-promoting behavior. Effective in promoting prevention behaviors.
Loss-Framed Message
A health message that focuses on a negative outcome from failing to perform a health-promoting behavior. Effective in promoting illness-detection (screening) behavior.
6 Risk-Taking Behaviors
Smoking,eating high-fat/low-fiber foods, decreased exercise, increase use of alcohol/drugs, not using proven medical methods for preventing or diagnosing disease early, engaging in violent behavior.
Overt Family Conflict
Constant outbursts of anger.
Community Barriers
People are more likely to adopt health-enhancing behaviors when they are promoted by community organizations.
Precede/Proceed Model
Identify problems, etc., analyze background factors, implements health education that target factors.
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
Focus on the conditions that elicit health behaviors and the factors that help to maintain and reinforce them.
Traditional Behavior
Modification programs derive from classical and operant conditioning.
Self-Monitoring
People keeping track of their own target behavior that is to be modified, including the stimuli associated with it and the consequences that follow.
Aversion Therapy
A behavioral intervention based on classical conditioning, in which stimuli that elicit an unwanted target behavior become associated with unpleasant outcomes.
Operant Behavior
Any voluntary behavior that “operates” on the environment.
Discriminative Stimuli
Environmental signals that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement.
Stimulus-Control Intervention
A behavioral intervention aimed at modifying the environmental discriminative stimuli that controls a target behavior by signaling its reinforcement.
Relapse Prevention
Training in coping skills and other techniques intended to help people resist falling back into old health habits following a successful behavioral intervention.
Contingency Contract
A formal agreement between a person attempting to change a health behavior and another individual, such as a therapist, regarding the consequences of target behaviors.
Token Economy
A behavioral intervention based on operant conditioning, in which desirable target behaviors are reinforced with marbles or other tokens that can be exchanged for money and other rewards.
Modeling
Learning that occurs by observing others.
Negative Emotion Spillover
When work-related frustrations contribute to greater irritability, impatience, or other negative behaviors at home.
Social Withdrawal
When one or more working adult parents or caregivers withdraw behaviorally and emotionally from family life especially after a stressful day at work.
Safety Triad
A healthy work culture requires attention to the person (biology, cognition, etc), environment (management/work conditions), and behaviors (individual and group performance).
Positive Psychology
The study of optimal human functioning and the healthy interplay between people and their environments. A strength-based, preventive approach to research and interventions.
Thriving
A paradoxical outcome in which adversity somehow leads people to greater psychological and/or physical well-being.
Allostatic Overload
The consequences of long-term elevations of stress-related catabolic hormones, including hypertension, wasted muscles, ulcers, fatigue, and increased risk of chronic disease.
Resilience
The capacity of the brain and body to withstand challenges to homeostasis. Mediated by distinct biological adaptations that can blunt stress-induced HPA activation to promote normal functioning, even in the face of adversity.
Biological Embedding
The process by which the structure and functioning of the brain are shaped by feedback from neuroendocrine system as they are engaged as part of the body’s effort to maintain homeostasis.
Self-Enhancement
A tendency to recall positive over negative info, to see oneself more positively than do others, and to feel personally responsible for good outcomes.
Curiousity
A person’s orientation or attraction to novel stimuli.
Catabolism
Breaking down of the tissue to provide energy.
Anabolism
Cell activity that builds up the body to synthesize complex molecules using the energy from catabolism.
VO2(max)
Aerobic capacity. The measure of cardiorespiratory endurance.
Physical Activity
Bodily movements produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.
Physical Exercise
Physical activity that is planned, repetitive, and purposeful in the sense that it is intended to improve or maintain one or more aspects of fitness.
Aerobic Exercise
Light- to moderate-intensity exercise performed for an extended period of time. Ex. swimming, cycling, and running.
Anaerobic Exercise
High-intensity exercise performed for short periods of time. Ex. weight training and sprinting.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMI)
The minimum number of calories the body needs to maintain bodily functions while at rest.
Calorie
A measure of food energy equivalent to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
Physical Fitness
A set of attributes relating to the ability to perform physical activity that include muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, and healthy body composition.
Cardiorespiratory Endurance / Aerobic Fitness
The ability of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during physical activity for prolonged periods of time.
VO2 / Oxygen Consumption
“Volume of oxygen.” The amount of oxygen that your body uses.
Muscular Strength
The amount of force that a muscle or group of muscles can exert against heavy resistance.
Muscular Endurance
The ability of a muscle or a group of muscles to repeat a movement many times or to hold a particular position for an extended period of time.
Flexibility
The degree to which an individual muscle will lengthen.
Body Composition
The amount of fat in the body compared to the amount of lean mass (muscle + bones).
Osteoporosis
A disease of the bones involving a loss of bone mineral density that leads to an increased risk of fracture.
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
A cluster of conditions that include blood pressure, high blood sugar level, abdominal obesity, low HDL (“good”) cholesterol, and high triglyceride level that occur together and increase a person’s risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Closely linked to obesity, lack of physical activity, and insulin resistance.
Exercise Self-Efficacy
Confidence in his/her ability to perform certain physical skills correctly.
Forecasting Myopia
People contemplating an exercise routine place disproportionate emphasis on the beginning of a workout, which may be unpleasant.
Circadian Rhythm
An internal biological clock that operates on a 24-hr cycle of night and day.
REM Sleep
Fourth stage of sleep / paradoxical sleep. Rapid eye movement sleep ; a sleep stage during which vivid dreams occur. For 10 minutes, your eyes dart back and forth, heart rate and breathing become more irregular. REM is marked by faster beta brain waves, and is believed to be important for consolidating memory and other cognitive functions. The motor cortex is active, but the brain blocks its messages, leaving the muscles relaxed.
NREM-1
First stage of sleep where your brain generates the irregular waves. This is the briefest and lightest stage of sleep, and loud sounds and other stimuli can awake you easily. Characterized by fantastic images resembling hallucinations (hypnagogic sensations: experience of falling while sleeping). Breathing slows.
NREM-2
Second stage of sleep where as you relax more deeply for about 20 minutes. It’s distinguished by periodic burst of rapid, rhythmic brain waves called sleep spindles, which alternate with large K-complex waves. During this stage, breathing and heart rate evens out and body temp drops. You can still be awakened without much difficulty but are clearly asleep. About half of each night’s sleep is spent in this stage.
