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AA Exam 3 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

endomysium

A

Thin fascial sheath that surrounds the cell membrane of each muscle fiber.

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2
Q

perimysium

A

Bundles of muscle fibers are called fasciculi, which are surrounded by perimysium

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3
Q

epimysium

A

Entire muscle covered by

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4
Q

What innervates:

Skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscle?

Cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle: somatic nervous system

Smooth muscle: Autonomic Nervous System

Cardiac muscle: Involuntarily controlled– contractions are regulated by intrinsic fibers, hormones, and ANS

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5
Q

Where do you find:

Skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscle?

Cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle: Comprises 40-50% of total body weight and is made up of over 600 individual muscles

Smooth muscle:wall of hollow visceral organs and tubes, blood and lymphatic vessels, iris, etc

Cardiac muscle: walls and partitions of the heart

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6
Q

Striated or non-striated:

Skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscle?

Cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle: Striated

The Smooth muscle: Non-striated

Cardiac muscle: Striated

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7
Q

Size

Smooth muscle?

Cardiac muscle?

A

Smooth muscle: Relaxed smooth muscle are 30-200 um, thickest in the middle (3-8 um) and tapered

Cardiac muscle: 50-100 um in length and 14 um in diameter

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8
Q

Which muscle remains contracted and how much longer?

A

Cardiac muscle: Single action potential remains contracted 10 to 15 times longer than skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Fast fibers:

A
  • anaerobic metabolism
  • large in diameter
  • densely packed mofibrils
  • large glycogen reserves
  • few mitochondria
  • aka: white muscle fibers, fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, and Type II-A fibers.
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10
Q

Slow fibers:

A
  • half the diameter of fast fibers
  • take three times as long to contract after stimulation
  • dramatically higher oxygen supply
  • contain the red pigment myoglobin
  • dark red
  • aka: red muscle fibers, slow-twitch oxidative fibers, and Type I fibers
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11
Q

Nucleus:

Skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscle?

Cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle: Multinucleated

Smooth muscle: single nucleus

Cardiac muscle: single nucleus (possibly 2)

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12
Q

Muscle examples of 1st class levers

A

Unusual in the musculoskeletal system

Triceps in elbow

Raises head off chest. Posterior neck muscles provide the effort. Atlanto-occipital joint is the fulcrum, the weight lifted is the facial skeleton.

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13
Q

Muscle examples of 2nd class levers

A

Unusual in the musculoskeletal system

A push-up

Extension of the metatarsal phalangeal joint while standing

Stand on tip-toe

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14
Q

Muscle examples of 3rd class levers

A

Most of the musculoskeletal levers in the body are 3rd class

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15
Q

Psoas Major origin

A

T12-L5

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16
Q

Psoas Major insertion

A

Lesser trochanter of femur

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17
Q

Psoas Major nerve

A

L2-L4

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18
Q

Psoas Minor origin

A

T12 and L1

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19
Q

Psoas Minor insertion

A

Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence

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20
Q

Psoas Minor nerve

A

L1 2

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21
Q

Iliacus origin

A

Superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, iliac crest and ala of sacrum

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22
Q

Iliacus insertion

A

Lesser trochanter of femur

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23
Q

Iliacus nerve

A

Femoral (L2-L4)

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24
Q

Pectineus origin

A

Pectineal line of pubis

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25
Q

Pectineus insertion

A

Pectineal line femur

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26
Q

Pectineus nerve

A

Femoral n.

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27
Q

Tensor Fasciae Latae origin

A

Lanteriorsuperior iliac crest

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28
Q

Tensor Fasciae Latae insertion

A

iliotibial tract

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29
Q

Tensor Fasciae Latae nerve

A

Superior gluteal (L4 5 S1)

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30
Q

Sartorius origin

A

(ASIS) Anterior superior iliac spine

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31
Q

Sartorius insertion

A

Pes anserine

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32
Q

Sartorius nerve

A

Femoral (L2 3 (4))

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33
Q

Vastus medialis origin

A

medial lip of linea aspera

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34
Q

Vastus medialis nerve

A

femoral

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35
Q

Vastus medialis insertion

A

tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon

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36
Q

Vastus intermedius origin

A

prox. 2/3 anteriolateral surface of femur

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37
Q

Vastus intermedius nerve

A

femoral

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38
Q

Vastus intermedius insertion

A

tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon

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39
Q

Gluteus Maximus origin

A

ilium

sacrum

thoracolumbar fascia

sacrotuberous ligament

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40
Q

Gluteus Maximus insertion

A

Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract

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41
Q

Gluteus Maximus nerve

A

Inferior gluteal (L5 S1 2)

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42
Q

Gluteus Minimus origin

A

ilium

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43
Q

Gluteus Minimus insertion

A

greater trochanter

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44
Q

Gluteus Minimus nerve

A

Superior gluteal (L4 5 S1)

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45
Q

Gluteus Medius origin

A

ilium

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46
Q

Gluteus Medius insertion

A

greater trochanter

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47
Q

Gluteus Medius nerve

A

Superior gluteal (L4 5 S1)

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48
Q

Piriformis origin

A

sacrum

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49
Q

Piriformis insertion

A

greater trochanter

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50
Q

Piriformis nerve

A

S1-2

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51
Q

Gemellus Superior origin

A

ischial spine

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52
Q

Gemellus Superior insertion

A

greater trochanter

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53
Q

Gemellus Superior nerve

A

L5 S1

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54
Q

Obturator Internus origin

A

obturator membrane

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55
Q

Obturator Internus insertion

A

greater trochanter

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56
Q

Obturator Internus nerve

A

L5 S1

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57
Q

Gemellus Inferior origin

A

ischial tuberosity

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58
Q

Gemellus Inferior insertion

A

greater trochanter

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59
Q

Gemellus Inferior nerve

A

L5 S1

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60
Q

Quadratus Femoris origin

A

ischial tuberosity

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61
Q

Quadratus Femoris insertion

A

intertrochanteric crest

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62
Q

Quadratus Femoris nerve

A

L5 S1

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63
Q

Vastus Lateralis Origin

A

Greater trochanter

Intertrochanteric line

Linea aspera

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64
Q

Vastus Lateralis Insertion

A

Tibial tuberosity

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65
Q

Vastus Lateralis nerve

A

femoral

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66
Q

Rectus femoris origin

A

AIIS and superior brim of acetabulum

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67
Q

Rectus femoris insertion

A

tibial tuberosity

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68
Q

Rectus femoris nerve

A

femoral n

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69
Q

Semimembranosus Origin

A

Ischial tuberosity

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70
Q

Semimembranosus Insertion

A

Medial condyle of tibia

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71
Q

Semimembranosus nerve

A

sciatic nerve

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72
Q

Semitendinosus Origin

A

Ischial tuberosity

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73
Q

Semitendinosus Insertion

A

Pes anserinus

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74
Q

Semitendinosus nerve

A

Sciatic

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75
Q

Biceps Femoris (long and short heads) Origin

A

Long: Ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous lig.

Short: Linea aspera

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76
Q

Biceps Femoris (long and short heads) Insertion

A

Long: head of fibula

Short: head of fibula

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77
Q

Biceps Femoris (long and short heads) nerve

A

long head: tibial

short head: common fibular nerve

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78
Q

Gracilis origin

A

Lateral inferior ramus of pubis and ischium

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79
Q

Gracilis insertion

A

pes anserine

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80
Q

Gracilis action

A

Knee flexion and internal rotation, hip adduction

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81
Q

Gracilis nerve

A

Obturator

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82
Q

Adductor Brevis origin

A

inferior ramus of pubis

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83
Q

Adductor Brevis insertion

A

Upper 1/3 of linea aspera

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84
Q

Adductor Brevis action

A

Hip adduction, slight medial rotation, extension, flexion

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85
Q

Adductor Brevis nerve

A

Obturator

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86
Q

Adductor Longus origin

A

Body of pubis

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87
Q

Adductor Longus insertion

A

medial lip of linea aspera

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88
Q

Adductor Longus action

A

Hip adduction, slight internal rotation, extension, flexion

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89
Q

Adductor Longus nerve

A

Obturator

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90
Q

Adductor Magnus origin

A

ischial tuberosity and inferior ramus of ischium and pubis

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91
Q

Adductor Magnus insertion

A

Entire length of linea aspera; medial supracondylar ridge of femur, and adductor tubercle

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92
Q

Adductor Magnus action

A

Hip adduction, external rotation, extension (lower portion), flexion (upper portion)

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93
Q

Adductor Magnus nerve

A

Obturator and Sciatic

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94
Q

Popliteus origin

A

posteromedial part of tibia

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95
Q

Popliteus insertion

A

lateral femoral condyle

96
Q

popliteus action

A

knee flexion

97
Q

popliteus nerve

A

tibial n.

98
Q

Fibularis Brevis origin

A

Lower two-thirds of lateral fibula

99
Q

Fibularis Brevis insertion

A

Fifth metatarsal

100
Q

Fibularis Brevis action

A

Plantarflexion, eversion

101
Q

Fibularis Brevis innervation

A

Superficial fibular nerve

102
Q

Fibularis Longus origin

A

Upper 2/3 lateral fibula, lateral condyle of tibia

103
Q

Fibularis Longus insertion

A

1st metatarsal, 1st cuneiform

104
Q

Fibularis Longus action

A

plantarflexion, eversion, support arches

105
Q

Fibularis Longus innervation

A

Superficial fibularis nerve

106
Q

Plantaris origin

A

Lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur.

107
Q

Plantaris insertion

A

Medial calcaneus

108
Q

Plantaris action

A

Flexion of the knee. Plantarflexion.

109
Q

Plantaris innervation

A

Tibial Nerve

110
Q

Soleus origin

A

posterior upper 1/3 of fibula, soleal line of the tibia, interosseus membrane

111
Q

Soleus insertion

A

achilles tendon

112
Q

Soleus action

A

-Plantar flexion -Reversed origin insertion action: when standing, the calcanius becomes the fixed origin of the muscle; -stabilizes the tibia on the calcaneus limiting forward sway.

113
Q

Soleus innervation

A

Tibial nerve

114
Q

Gastrocnemius origin

A

lateral and medial condyle of femur.

115
Q

Gastrocnemius insertion

A

achilles tendon

116
Q

Gastrocnemius action

A

Flexion of the knee. Plantarflexion.

117
Q

Gastrocnemius innervation

A

Tibial nerve

118
Q

Tibialis Posterior origin

A

Interosseus membrane, post. tibia and fibula

119
Q

Tibialis Posterior insertion

A

Navicular, cuboid, cuneiform bones, 2, 3, 4 metatarsals

120
Q

Tibialis Posterior nerve

A

Tibial nerve

121
Q

Tibialis Posterior action

A

Inversion Plantar flexion

122
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus origin

A

Middle of posterior tibia

123
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus insertion

A

4 tendons to base of dist. 2-5 phalanges on plantar surface

124
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus nerve

A

Tibial nerve

125
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus action

A

Flexion of the four smaller digits

126
Q

Flexor Hallicus Longus origin

A

Lower 2/3 of post fibula and inteosseus membrane

127
Q

Flexor Hallicus Longus insertion

A

Plantar surface of base of distal phalanx of hallux

128
Q

Flexor Hallicus Longus nerve

A

tibial nerve

129
Q

Flexor Hallicus Longus action

A

flexes all joints of the big toe, plantar flexion of the ankle joint

130
Q

Abductor Hallucis origin

A

medial process of calcaneus tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis

131
Q

Abductor Hallucis insertion

A

medial side of first phalanx of 1st toe

132
Q

Abductor Hallucis action

A

Abducts toe

133
Q

Abductor Hallucis nerve

A

Medial plantar

134
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis origin

A

anterior aspect of calcaneus tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis

135
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis insertion

A

second phalanges of four outer toes (tendon bifurcates)

136
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis action

A

Toe flexion

137
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis nerve

A

Medial plantar

138
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi origin

A

Lateral process of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis

139
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi insertion

A

Lateral side of the first phalanx of the fifth toe

140
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi action

A

Abducts the small toe

141
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi nerve

A

Lateral plantar nerve

142
Q

Quadratus Plantae origin

A

Calcaneus (2 heads)

143
Q

Quadratus Plantae insertion

A

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus

144
Q

Quadratus Plantae action

A

Toe flexion

145
Q

Quadratus Plantae nerve

A

Lateral plantar

146
Q

Lumbricals origin

A

Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus

147
Q

Lumbricals insertion

A

Tendons of the extensor digitorum longus muscles and into the medial side of the first phalanx of the corresponding toes

148
Q

Lumbricals action

A

Flexes toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, extends toes in interphalangeal joints of four lateral toes

149
Q

Lumbricals nerve

A

Medial plantar

Lateral plantar

150
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis origin

A

plantar surface of cuboid bone, tendon of tibialis posterior

151
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis insertion

A

first phalanx of 1st toe

152
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis action

A

Fexes great toe

153
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis innervation

A

med. plantar

154
Q

Adductor hallucis origin

A

oblique head: bases of 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsal; transverse head: lateral 4 MTP joints

155
Q

Adductor hallucis insertion

A

lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe

156
Q

Adductor hallucis action

A

Adducts great toe

157
Q

Adductor hallucis innervation

A

lat. plantar

158
Q

Flexor digiti minimi origin

A

5th metatarsal

159
Q

Flexor digiti minimi insertion

A

first phalanx 5th toe

160
Q

Flexor digiti minimi action

A

Flexion of proximal phalanx, 5th toe

161
Q

Flexor digiti minimi innervation

A

lat. plantar

162
Q

Dorsal interossei origin

A

two heads from adjacent sides of metatarsals

163
Q

Dorsal interossei insertion

A

1: medial side of 1st phalanx, 2nd toe
2: lateral side of 1st phalanx, 2nd toe
3: lateral side of 1st phalanx, 3rd toe
4: lateral side of 1st phalanx, 4th toe

164
Q

Dorsal interossei action

A

Toe flexion

165
Q

Dorsal interossei innervation

A

lat. plantar

166
Q

Plantar interossei origin

A

medial side of 3, 4, 5 metatarsals

167
Q

Plantar interossei insertion

A

medial side of 3, 4, 5 toes, 1st phalanx

168
Q

Plantar interossei action

A

Toe flexion

169
Q

Plantar interossei innervation

A

lat. plantar

170
Q

Tibialis anterior origin

A

upper 2/3 lat. Tibia

171
Q

Tibialis anterior insertion

A

medial plantar aspect 1stmetatarsal, 1stcuneiform

172
Q

Tibialis anterior action

A

Dorsiflexion, inversion

173
Q

Tibialis anterior innervation

A

deep fibular nerve

174
Q

Extensor digitorum longus origin

A

upper ¾ ant. fibula, interosseus membrane, lateral condyle tibia

175
Q

Extensor digitorum longus insertion

A

4 tendons to middle and distal phalanges toes 2-5

176
Q

Extensor digitorum longus action

A

Toe extension, dorsiflexion, eversion

177
Q

Extensor digitorum longus innervation

A

deep fibular nerve

178
Q

Extensor hallucis longus origin

A

middle fibula, interosseus membrane

179
Q

Extensor hallucis longus insertion

A

dorsum distal phalanx hallux

180
Q

Extensor hallucis longus action

A

toe extension, dorsiflexion, inversion

181
Q

Extensor hallucis longus innervation

A

deep fibular nerve

182
Q

Fibularis tertius origin

A

lower 1/3 ant-lat fibula

183
Q

Fibularis tertius insertion

A

base of dorsum 5th metatarsal bone

184
Q

Fibularis tertius action

A

Dorsiflexion, eversion

185
Q

Fibularis tertius innervation

A

deep fibular nerve

186
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis origin

A

calcaneus (sinus tarsi)

187
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis insertion

A

dorsum of 1st phalanx of 1st toe

188
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis action

A

Extends proximal phalanx of great toe

189
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis innervation

A

Deep fibular

190
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis origin

A

calcaneus (sinus tarsi)

191
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis insertion

A

lateral side of tendons of extensor digitorum longus of medial toes

192
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis action

A

Extends 3 medial toes

193
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis innervation

A

deep fibular

194
Q

Psoas Major action

A

Hip flexion and external rotation

195
Q

Psoas Minor action

A

Flexion of th pelvis and lumbar spine

196
Q

Iliacus action

A

hip flexion and ext rotation

197
Q

Pectineus action

A

thigh adduction, flexion, and slight internal rotation

198
Q

Tensor Fasciae Latae action

A

tenses fasciae latae, hip flexion, abduction and iternal rotation

199
Q

Sartorius action

A

hip flexion, abduction and external rotation, knee flexion, and internal rotation

200
Q

Vastus medialis action

A

knee extension

201
Q

Vastus intermedius action

A

knee extension

202
Q

Gluteus Maximus action

A

Extends hip, assists in adduction and external rotation

203
Q

Gluteus Minimus action

A

hip internal rotation

204
Q

Gluteus Medius action

A

abducts hip, rotates thigh internally when leg is extended, stabilization of opposite hip

205
Q

Piriformis action

A

External rotation of extened hi, abducts hip when limb is flexed

206
Q

Gemellus Superior action

A

hip external rotation

207
Q

Obturator Internus action

A

hip extenal rotation

208
Q

Gemellus Inferior action

A

hip external rotation

209
Q

Quadratus Femoris action

A

hip external rotation, adduction

210
Q

Vastus Lateralis action

A

knee extension

211
Q

Rectus femoris action

A

hip flexion, knee extension

212
Q

Semimembranosus action

A

hip extension, knee flexion, knee internal rotation

213
Q

Semitendinosus action

A

Hip extension, knee flexion, knee internal rotation

214
Q

Biceps Femoris (long and short heads) action

A

hip extension, knee flexion, knee external rotation

215
Q

What is the tarsal tunnel?

A

Tibialis Posterior (Tom)

Flexor Digitorum longus (Dick)

Post. tibial artery (Bloody)

Tibial nerve (Nervous)

Flexor Hallucis longus (Harry)

216
Q

What makes up the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

What nerve innervates it?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius

deep fibular nerve

217
Q

What makes up the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

What nerve innervates it?

A

Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

superficial fibular nerve

218
Q

What makes up the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg?

What nerve innervates it?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

Tibial n.

219
Q

What makes up the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg?

What nerve innervates it?

A

Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus

Tibial nerve

220
Q

Which compartment does the superior gluteal nerve innervate and which muscles?

A

hip abductors

Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, TFL

221
Q

Which compartment does the sacral plexus innervate and which muscles?

A

external rotators

Piriformis, Obturator internus, Obturator externus, Gemellus superior, Gemellus inferior, Quadratus femoris

222
Q

What compartment and muscles does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

Adductors

Adductors brevis, longus, magnus, pectineus, gracilis

223
Q

Which compartment does the superficial fibularis nerve innervate and which muscles?

A

Lateral compartment

Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, and superficial fibularis.

224
Q

Which compartment does the tibial nerve innervate and which muscles?

A

Superficial posterior compartment (Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris)

and

Dee posterior compartment (Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus, Popliteus)

225
Q

Agonist

A

the worker muscle- the muscle that causes the desired action

226
Q

Antagonist

A

a muscle that can cause movement opposite to the agonist - “true Antagonist” has exactly the opposite action or actions of the agonist

227
Q

Stabilizer

A

a muscle that fixes or holds a bone so the agonist can do the intended movement, or eliminates undesirable movement

228
Q

Synergist

A

a muscle that has at least one antagonistic action to the agonist and contracts to eliminate an undesirable movement, thus enabling the agonist to be more efficient.

229
Q

Neutralizer

A

a muscle that has a common and an antagonistic action with the agonist. The antagonistic actions cancel each other and the common action results.

230
Q

Co-contraction

A

the simultaneous contraction of antagonistic muscles

231
Q

The length-tension relationship

A

The length-tension relationship states that the contractile tension that the muscle is able to produce increases with the length of the muscle and is maximum when the muscle is at its resting length.

232
Q

The contractile tension

A

The contractile tension produced decreases as the muscle becomes shorter, or as the muscle is stretched beyond resting length.

233
Q

1st class lever

A

fulcrum or axis of rotation is in between the effort and resistive torques

234
Q

2nd class lever

A

the resistive torque is between the fulcrum and the effort torques

235
Q

3rd class lever

A

the effort torque is between the fulcrum and the resistive torque

AA Exam 3 (1 decks)

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