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PNB 2264 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Tract

A

Axons (white matter) travelling in CNS

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2
Q

Nerve

A

axons in PNS

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3
Q

Ganglion

A

Cell Bodies in PNS

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4
Q

Glia

A

Outnumber neurons 10:1

Sattelite and Schwann Cells

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5
Q

Amount of Afferent vs. Efferent neurons

A

5x more afferent than efferent

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6
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

Head and neck nerves

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7
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Upper Extremities nerves

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8
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

lower extremities nerves

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9
Q

Astrocytes

A

Surround capillaries and induce blood brain barrier, surround synapses, NT uptake

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10
Q

Microglia

A

secrete inflammatory chemicals, perform phagocytosis

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11
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line ventricular surface, secrete cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

from CNS myelin

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13
Q

Same time

A

temperal summation

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14
Q

different time

A

spatial summation

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15
Q

Localization

A

smaller field + more overlap = better localization

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16
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Sharpens contrasts

Happens in grey matter

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17
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

GABA blocks postsynaptic AP’s

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18
Q

Dorsal Column

A

Very Direct pathway, transmits info about proprioception, 2 pt discrimination, pressure

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19
Q

Fasciculus Gracilis vs. Cuneatus

A

Gracilis = Lower
Cuneatus = upper (u=upper)
Both contain first order neurons, ascend same side of body, synapse and cross in medulla

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20
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

2nd order neurons, start at medulla and goes to thalamus to synapse

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21
Q

Internal capsule

A

3rd order neurons, go from thalamus and ascend to S1 for processing

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22
Q

Spinothalamic, Spinaltectal, Spinoreticular tracts

A

pain, eye movements, spinal cord and stuff

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23
Q

Anterolateral system

A

pain, temperature, crude touch

Very Divergent! Cannot tell were stuff is coming from

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24
Q

Homonculus

A

Brain map, different body parts mapped to different brain parts

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25
Q

Pain

A

Receptors are unmyelinated free nerve endings

Pain afferents produce substance P

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26
Q

Analgesic

A

stimulate grey matter regions to produce pain relief

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27
Q

Opiate drugs

A

Block substance P release, used as painkillers

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28
Q

Vestibular system

A

Utricle, Cochlear duct, Ampulla, vestibulocochlear nerve, semicircular canals, cupula

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29
Q

Static equilibrium sensed by __

A

Hair cells of utricle

Otolith moves by gravity

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30
Q

Linear Acceleration sensed by ___

A 
Horizontal = utricle
Vertical = Saccule
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31
Q

Angular acceleration sensed by

A

Semicircular canals

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32
Q

Path of sensory transduction to brain

A

Sensory neurons, vestibulocochlear nerve, cerebellum, vestibular nuclei of medulla, oculomotor center

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33
Q

Reflex movement

A

Rapid, involuntary, fixed, specific stimuli

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34
Q

Rhythmic movement

A

Initiation + Termination voluntary, middle is not - Walking, chewing, running

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35
Q

Voluntary movement

A

Improves with practice - entirely from CNS - Dancing, pitching, writing

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36
Q

Higher centers of control

A

decision making
Supplementary motor area
Frontal cortex

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37
Q

Middle center of control

A

Coordinator
Convert commands
Thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum

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38
Q

Local center of control

A

Operators
Specify regional movement
Brainstem, spinal cord

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39
Q

Extrafusal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle from exam 2,

Alpha motor neurons

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40
Q

Intrafusal muscles

A

gamma motor neurons, sensory afferents

Two ends of muscles stretch to contract the middle

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41
Q

Muscle Spindles where?

A

Found in intrafusal muscle

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42
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

On Tendons
Monitor tension in tendon
Activation causes inhibition of contracting muscle, activation of antagonistic muscle

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43
Q

Gamma motor neuron

A

Stretches spindles as muscle contracts

“Biased” muscle allows stretch to be sensed at all muscle lengths

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44
Q

Knee Jerk

A

Monosynaptic

Inhibits antagonist muscles so reflex is mad fast

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45
Q

Step on tack reflex

A 
Anterolateral tract (pain)
Pull back one foot, extend other leg
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46
Q

Spinal cord is hardwired for___

A

For rhythmic stereotyped movements

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47
Q

Dorsolateral tracts are _____ tracts

A

motor

Include lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal

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48
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Dorsolateral
Fine movements of fingers
Only primates have this
Involved in STEREOGNOSIS

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49
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

Dorsolateral

Influences motor neurons innervating more distal muscles

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50
Q

Ventromedial tract function

A

Control axial and proximal muscles

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51
Q

Superior colliculus

A

visual and audio input

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52
Q

Reticular formation

A

Muscle Tone control
Via reticulospinal tract
Contracts lower extremity EXTENSORS and upper extremity FLEXORS to fight gravity
POSTURE

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53
Q

Spasticity

A

Damage to reticular formation

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54
Q

Basal ganglia

A

actually nuclei
Initiation of movement
Damage = Parkinson’s disease

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55
Q

Symptoms of parkinson’s

A

bradykinesia (slow movement)
resting tremor
Cogwheel rigidity = high tone
Loss of dopaminergic neurons

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56
Q

Other disorders from damage to basal ganglia

A

Huntington’s - lots of involuntary movement

Ballismus - arm acts like a whip

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57
Q

Cerebellum

A

Initiation, timing, coordination of movements

Motor learning and planning

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58
Q

Cerebellum damage disorders

A

Ataxia, incoordination, tremor upon movement (tremor when reaching for that magazine)

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59
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Middle level of movement control
Individual postures and movements
Converts commands

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60
Q

Primitive reflexes

A

Present in infants, go away with myelination as frontal lobe develops

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61
Q

Rooting reflex

A

touch baby’s cheek, baby orients to the touch

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62
Q

Grasp reflex

A

Baby grasps anything placed into hand

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63
Q

Startle reflex

A

Baby puts arms out when startled/falling

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64
Q

Tonic neck reflex

A

Turn baby’s face to one side, arm and leg on facing side extends, opposite side will flex

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65
Q

Highest level of motor control

A

Premotor cortex = complex strategies
Supplementary motor cortex = planning
Posterior parietal cortex = visual info and targeted movements

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66
Q

Illusions

A

Mind interprets based on context given

67
Q

Signal processing

A

increased contrast, create/add info, begins in retina

68
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing multiple things at once

69
Q

Optic nerves made of___

A

retinal ganglion axon cells

70
Q

Receptive field

A

Position in space where light stimulus can affect cell

71
Q

Center of visual field falls on____

72
Q

T/F: Receptive field for specific visual receptor is always in the same location in the visual field

73
Q

Hierarchy of visual pathway

A 
Receptors
Bipolar Cells
Retinal ganglion cells
LGN of thalamus
V1- primary visual cortex
Association visual cortex
74
Q

Temporal/Lateral retina

A

Do not cross

Gets info from offsite side’s visual field

75
Q

Nasal/Medial Retina

A

Crosses at optic chiasm

Gets info from that side of visual field

76
Q

Bipolar cells transmission path and method

A

Transmit with graded potentials to retinal ganglion cells

77
Q

Retinal ganglion cells Transmission path and method

A

transmit with action potentials to LGN of Thalamus

78
Q

Amacrine and Horizontal cells do _____

A

Lateral inhibition: To increase contrast between light and dark

79
Q

Lateral inhibition first occurs in this part of the visual pathway

80
Q

Visual Transduction mechanism with channels

A

Rods and cones leaky to Na+ and Ca2+. Light photon will close cation channels and cause hyperpolarization, so NT release stops. NT = glutamate

81
Q

“On” pathway bipolar cells

A

Have inhibitory glu RECEPTORS
Inhibited in the dark
Light stops release of glu, “on” pathway is no longer inhibited= lit

82
Q

“Off” pathway

A

Have excitatory glutamate RECEPTORS
glu depolarizes
Off pathway excited in dark since glu released in dark and not in light

83
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

AP’s first possible here

Need contrast in receptive field for response

84
Q

On-center RGC

A

Light center, dark surrounding

85
Q

Off-center RGC

A

Dark center, dark surrounding

86
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

M cells - rods = movement
P-blob = color = cones
P-Interblob = form and depth = cones

87
Q

V1 Primary Visual Cortex

A

Info about Form and Orientation of stimulus is added

88
Q

Preferred orientations

A

Best = bar of light oriented at precise angle
Simple cortical cells require DISCONTINUOUS EDGE on that bar of light
Complex cortical cells require movement in a preferred direction and speed

89
Q

Association visual cortex

A

Information from V1 sent to 30 visual agres
Face recognition
V4: Color processing - not just cones that sense color

90
Q

Brain lateralization

A

Speech and language in left hemisphere

Creativity in right hemisphere

91
Q

Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s Area

A 
Broca's = Producing Speech + written language - anterior
Wernicke's = Comprehending Speech and written language - posterior
92
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular Accident = Stroke

93
Q

Blood Supply to the brain

A

Anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

94
Q

Hemi-neglect

A

With right hemisphere damage - patients neglect left side

95
Q

Left hemiplegia

A

Broca’s aphasia - can still say a few meaningful words

Wernicke’s aphasia - says a bunch of nonsense

96
Q

Lateralized emotions

A

Left hemiplegics = Blissful ignorance

Right hemiplegics - hyperemotionalism

97
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary, non-skeletal muscle

98
Q

Autonomic neurons are different from somatic neurons because

A

They have a ganglion, so they have preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons

99
Q

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

A

Directly parallel to spinal cord

Goes to heart and other organs

100
Q

Sympathetic Collateral Ganglia

A

Found in abdominal cavity, only on ventral surface

101
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in which spinal vertebrae

102
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Specialized postganglionic cells which form endocrine gland

103
Q

Chromaffin Cells

A

Secrete Epinephrine and norepinephrine

104
Q

Parasympathetic Preganglionic bodies originate from

A

Several cranial nerves (3, 7, 9, 10)

Also sacral region of spinal cord

105
Q

Fight or flight response

A

Epi or NorEpi
Increase HR, Sweating, Respiiration
Constrict GI vessels, Dilate skeletal muscle vessels

106
Q

Parasympathetic rest/digest response

A

Increased GI activity, dilate GI vessels, airway constriction, decrease resp. rate

107
Q

Cholinergic neuron

A

Every somatic nervous system neuron and all PREGANGLIONIC cells and Postganglionic neurons in the Parasympathetic NS
Releases ACh

108
Q

Adrenergic Neuron

A

Releases Epi/NorEpi

Postganglionic neurons of sympathetic NS and Adrenal Chromaffin cells

109
Q

ACh Receptors, 2 categories

A

Nicotinic - Postganglionic neurons of both divisions
Muscarinic - Target organs of Parasympathetic ONLY
If it says sympathetic ONLY, it means NICOTINIC!

110
Q

What defines the response of adrenergic signalling?

A

Receptors define the response, receptors are specific!

111
Q

Neurohormones

A

Secreted from neurons into the bloodstream

Ex. adrenal medulla with Epi/norEpi

112
Q

Processes under hormonal control

A 
Fuel metabolism
Reproduction
Behavior
Vascular function
Cell Growth
Cell Differentiation
113
Q

Preprohormones

A

AA sequences that need to be cleaved to be activated

Cleave –> Prohormone –> Cleave –> Hormone

114
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

From Cholesterol Backbone

Testosterone/Estradiol

115
Q

Peptide

A

Protein complexes
Insulin, PTH
Water soluble

116
Q

Amine

A

From amino acid (smaller)

Thyroid Hormones, catecholamines (epi, dopamine), melatonin

117
Q

Regulation of receptors

A

Upregulation - More receptors, increase sensitivity

Downregulation - Fewer receptors, decrease sensitivity

118
Q

Nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action

A

Cannot pass membrane

Binds to receptor, second messenger –> Amplification

119
Q

Glucagon/Epinephrine - cAMP Pathway

A

Hormone binds GPCR, Ga has three forms. Pathway depends on the form

120
Q

Galpha S

A

Stimulatory, cAMP production pathway, Adenylyl cyclase makes cAMP and activates PKA
BETA-ADRENERGIC

121
Q

Galpha I

A

Inhibitory, Phosphodiesterase
Stop cAMP production
ALPHA-2 Adrenergic

122
Q

Galpha Q

A

Q=Cleave, PLC cleaves PIP2 to IP3 and DAG… IP3 releases Ca2+, activate PKC

123
Q

Muscarinic receptor pathway

A

Similar to Ga I, inhibitory, but the receptor binds ACh instead.

124
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

A

Dimers cross phosphorylate
Associated with Growth
Cancer drugs will target these

125
Q

Hormone secretion causes

A 
Changes in:
Plasma [ion]
Plasma [organic nutrient]
NT Activation
Circadian rhythms
Tropic hormones
126
Q

Regulation can be simple or complex

A

Simple: gland regulates its own hormone release
Complex: everything else

127
Q

Permissiveness

A

Hormones modulating effect of other hormones

128
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Anterior: epithelial tissue, endocrine gland
Posterior: Nervous tissue, neuroendocrine

129
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Synthesizes hormones secreted by posterior pituitary, connected directly by hypophysial tract
Has 3 nuclei

130
Q

Paraventricular Nuclei

A

PVN - releases ADH and oxytocin

131
Q

Supraoptic Nuclei

A

Releases ADH and Oxytocin

132
Q

Tuberal Nuclei of hypothalamus

A

Produces releasing hormones and release inhibiting hormones

133
Q

Hormones of posterior pituitary

A

ADH and Oxytocin

134
Q

Hypothalamus control of pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus releases releasing hormones which interact with anterior pituitary

135
Q

Anterior pituitary releases ___

A

Tropic hormones which act on endocrine tissue

136
Q

Endocrine tissues secrete___

A

Effector hormones which effect non-endocrine tissues

137
Q

FLAT PiG

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Growth Hormone

138
Q

Negative feedback in endocrine system

A

Ultra short loop: Releasing hormone on hypothalamus
Short loop: Tropic hormone on hypothalamus
Long loop: Effector hormone on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

139
Q

Positive feedback in endocrine system

A

Prolactin regulating milk production - oxytocin regulates milk release
More sucking = more milk release

140
Q

Growth hormone Stimuli for release

A 
Low Plasma [glucose]
Raised plasma [arginine]
Exercise
Sleep
Fasting
Stress
141
Q

Effector functions of growth hormone

A

Lipolysis

Raise plasma [glucose]

142
Q

Tropic functions (somatomedins) of GH

A

Growth
AA uptake
Protein synthesis
Cell Growth

143
Q

Regulation of growth hormone

A 
Negative feedback, when Plasma [arginine] goes down
Circadian rhythm (reduced GH during day)
Fight or flight inhibits GH
144
Q

Disorders involving growth hormone

A 
Hyposecretion = Dwarfism
Hypersecretion = Gigantism or Acromegaly
145
Q

Levels of negative feedback for growth hormone

A

Short loop and long loop

146
Q

Follicular cells of thyroid

A

Release thyroid hormone

Surround the follicles in thyroid

147
Q

Apical side Basal Side of Follicular cells

A

Basal faces blood

Apical faces Lumen

148
Q

Process of T3 and T4 production

A

Iodine comes in symported with Na
Enzymes add I to tyrosine to make T3 and T4 in follicle
Thyroglobulin is taken back to cell in vesicles
Free T3 and T4 enter blood

149
Q

TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

Activates all steps of thyroid hormone synthesis

150
Q

Cellular effects of thyroid hormone

A

Transcription of Na/K ATPase - increase O2 consumption

Increase protein synthesis, glycogen breakdown, gluconeogenesis, FA oxidation

151
Q

Systemic Thyroid hormone effects

A

Increase BMR + heat production
Synthesize adrenergic receptors
Regulator of tissue growth

152
Q

Regulation of thyroid hormones

A

Inhibition = T4 levels inhibit TRH and TSH
Stimulation = Reduced T4 (increase TSH)
Cold Temperatures = Increase TRH)

153
Q

Hypothyroidism

A 
Cretinism = short disproportional body
Myxedema = Low BMR, dermal edema, lethargy, mental sluggishness
154
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism

A

Problem with:
Hypothalamus = tertiary
pituitary = secondary
thyroid = primary hypothyroidism

155
Q

Goiter

A

Abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland

Cause: Iodine deficiency

156
Q

Graves Disease

A

Autoimmune disorder - production of antibodies that function like TSH
Goiter
Increased BMR, bulging eyes, weight loss

157
Q

Tracts that control posture

A

Anterior Corticospinal tract

Reticulospinal Tract

158
Q

High pitched sound activates sounds closer to___

A

oval window

159
Q

Cell bodies for parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are where?

A

In the nucleus for the Vagus cranial nerve (X)

160
Q

Autonomic nervous system controlled by

A

Hypothalamus - body temp and water balance

161
Q

Atropine blocks ____

A

Salivation

162
Q

Endocrine glands are they ductless?

A

Yes they are ductless

163
Q

What kinds of hormones go through the hypophyseal portal?

A

Releasing hormones like TRH

164
Q

Cortisol effect

A

Breakdown of protein - loss of gainz

PNB 2264 (1 decks)

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