Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Biotin (site of absorption)
A
(1) Small Intestine (2) Gut bacteria are a significant source of biotin
2
Q
Biotin: Bioavailability
A
(1) Biotin is bound to protein (2) Issue: with raw egg whites, biotin absorption is inhibited
3
Q
Biotin: Function in Carboxylation Reactions
A
(1) Gluconeogenesis (2) Protein catabolism (3) Fatty acid synthesis (4) ATP production
(5) Healthy hair, skin, nails
4
Q
Biotin Deficiency
A
Rare but if happens caused IBD and can lead to depression, hallucinations, poor muscle control, seizures
5
Q
Biotin Toxic Level
A
N/A
6
Q
Vitamin B12 other name
A
Cobalamin
7
Q
B12 synthetic form
A
Cyanocobalamin
8
Q
B12 4 R groups
A
(1) CN [ Supplement in US]
(2) OH [Supplement in EU]
(3) CH3 [Cofactor form] (4) Deoxyadenosyl [Cofactor form]
9
Q
B12 3 transport proteins
A
(1) HC from saliva (2) Intrinsic Factor are parietal cells in stomach (3) Transcobalamin from intestinal cells (4) Stomach acid
10
Q
B12 Absorption
A
(1) Stomach (2) Small Intestine (3) Lumen (4) Intestinal cell (ileum) (5) Blood
11
Q
B12: One carbon metabolism
A
SAM synthesis
12
Q
B12 deficiency
A
(1) Macrolytic [megoblastic] Anemia (2) Hyperhomocysteinemia [increased risk of vascular disease and dementia] (3) Neurological Disease
13
Q
Macrolytic Anemia
A
Large Blood cells and multiple nucleus in WBCs
14
Q
Normal Blood Smear
A
Erythrocytes (RBC) & Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs)
15
Q
B12 Deficiency problems
A
(1) Degeneration of the spinal cord (2) Memory Loss
16
Q
B12 Malabsorption
A
(1) Pernicious anemia due to inability to absorb B12 from pills or food (2) Atrophic gastritis from loss of stomach acid and B12 cant absorb from food but CAN from pills
17
Q
B12 Toxicity
A
N/A
18
Q
B12 Benefits
A
(1) Slows down brain atrophy
19
Q
Folate forms
A
(1) Vitamin B9 (2) Folic Acid
20
Q
Folate: synthetic form
A
Folic Acid
21
Q
Folate: Active Form
A
(1) THF (2) N5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (3) N5, 10- methylenetetrahydrofolate (4) N5 - Formyltetrahydrofolate (5) DHF (6) Methotrexate
22
Q
Folate Deficiency
A
(1) Macrolytic Anemia (2) Hyperhomocysteinemia (3) Neural Tube defects (a) Spina Bifida (b) Anencephaly
23
Q
Folic Acid benefits
A
(1) Reduces neural tube defects (2) Masks B12 deficiency (3) May promote cancer growth
24
Q
Folic Acid Toxicity
A
N/A
25
Niacin: also known as
Vitamin B3
26
Niacin: Forms
(1) Niacin (2) Nicotinamide (3) NAD (4) NADP
27
Niacin: Sites of Absorption
(1) Small intestine (duodenum and jejunum)
28
Niacin: Bioavailability
Animal sources more bioavailable than grains
29
Niacin: Deficiency
(1) Pellegra (2) 4 D's (a) Dermatitis (b) Diarrhea (c) Dementia (d) Death
30
Niacin Toxicity:
(1) Increased plasma glucose (2) Liver damage (3) Flushing, redness of the face
31
Pantothenic Acid: also known as
Vitamin B5
32
Pantothenic Acid: Forms
(1) Pantothenic Acid (2) 4 - Phosphopantetheine (3) Coenzyme A (CoA) (4) Acyl carries protein (ACP)
33
Pantothenic Acid: Site of absorption
(1) Small intestine (jejunum)
34
Pantothenic Acid: Function
(1) ATP production
35
Pantothenic Acid: Synthesis
(1) Synthesizes many compounds [heme, cholesterol, bile salts, phospholipids, fatty acids]
36
Pantothenic Acid: Deficiency
Rare but if happens causes burning feet syndrome, tingling in feet and legs, fatigue, weakness, diarrhea
37
Pantothenic Acid: Toxicity
Must take high dose and causes nausea and diarrhea if done
38
Vitamin B6: also known as
Pyridoxine
39
Vitamin B6: Forms
(1) Supplemental form = Pyridoxine (2) Active form: Pyridoxals' phosphate (PLP)
40
Vitamin B6: Absorption
(1) Blood through RBCs in liver (2) Intestinal Lumen [Hydrolase] (3) Intestinal Cell [jejunum] [ through Kinase and Phosphatase]
41
Vitamin B6: Deficiency
(1) Microcytic Anemia [pale/small RBC and Large WBC with multiple nuclei] (2) Convulsion/ EEG Abnormalities: Inhibits neurotransmitter synthesis
(3) Hyperhomocysteinemia (4) Inflammatory disease
42
Vitamin B6: Severe Toxicity problems
(1) Difficulty walking (2) Numbness in hands and feet (3) Nerve damage
43
Vitamin B2: also known as
Riboflavin
44
Vitamin B2: Forms
Active forms: FAD, FMN, Riboflavin
45
Vitamin B2: site of absorption
Small Intestine (duodenum and jejunum)
46
Vitamin B2: Function
(1) Citric Acid Cycle (2) ATP) (3) Use fatty acids for energy (4) Synthesis of activation of vitamins (5) Neurotransmitter metabolism
47
Vitamin B2: Deficiency
(1) Ariboflavinosis (a) occurs with malnutrition and multiple micronutrient deficiency (b) Muscle weaknedd, mouth and lip sores "cheilosis", mouth inflammation "stomatitis", enlarged and inflamed tongue "glossitis"
(3) Can cause secondary to alcoholism and thyroid disease
48
Vitamin B1: Active form
(1) Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) (2) Active cofactor form from addition if 2 phosphate groups
49
Vitamin B1: also known as
Thiamin
50
Vitamin B1: Absorption
(1) Intestinal Lumen (2) Intestinal Cell (3) Blood
51
Vitamin B1: Function
(1) ATP production essential (2) DNA/RNA synthesis (3) NADPH synthesis (4) Nerve Function
52
Deficiency
(1) Dry Beri Beri- peripheral neuropathy, severe muscle wasting, leg cramps (2) Wet Beri Beri- edema, enlargement of heart, breathing problems (3) Infantile Issues- thiamin deficient mothers, heart failure (4) Cerebral "Wernicke- korsakoff Syndrome" - cause by alcoholism, poor muscle coordination and short term memory loss
53
Vitamin B1 Deficiency
N/A
54
Fat soluble Vitamins and Minerals
(1) Absorbed with monoglycerides and fatty acids (2) Requires bile salts and mixed micelles (3) Packed into chylomicrons and enters lymph system before blood
55
Vitamin A: Forms
(1) Plant food supplement: beta carotene (2) Retinal (3) Retinol [retinyl esters animal foods] (4) 12 mieu of Beta carotene = 1 mieu of retinol
56
Vitamin A: Function
(1) Vision (2) Essential for seeing blacn and white "rod" cells in retina (3) Important for night vision (4) Important for cell differentiation [villi development, epithelial cell maturation, development of embryo, bone health]
57
Vitamin A: Deficiency
(1) VADD (2) Mild form is night blindness (3) Severe form (a) Xerophthamalia: damage to cornea, dry eyes, scarring, blindness (b) Hyperkeratosis: Increased keratin synthesis in skin and nails
58
Vitamin A: Toxicity
(1) Hypervitaminosis A (a) chronic consumption of 3-4 times the RDA (B) Blurred vision, liver damage, reduced bone strength, birth defects
59
Vitamin C: Forms
(1) L- ascorbic acid (2) L- dehydroascorbic acid
60
Vitamin C: Absorption and Bioavailability
(1) Sodium dependent (2) Dehydroascorbic acid (3) Destroyed by heat so found in fresh fruits (4) Excess glucose inhibits Vitamin C absorption
61
Vitamin C: Function
(1) Antioxidant: reduces bad oxygen in body "superoxidde" to hydrogen peroxide (2) Reduces Iron (3) Synthesis of Important molecules [hormones, collegen, tyrosine]
62
Vitamin C: Toxicity
(1) High dose well-tolerates by some, but can cause (a) kidney stones (b) cramping (c) diarrhea (d) Nausea
63
Vitamin C: Deficiency
Scurvy [bleeding gums, skin irritation, bruising, poor wound healing]
64
Vitamin E: Forms
Alpha Tocopherol (biologically active)
65
Vitamin E: Function
Antioxidant [protects biological membrane, important for oxygen exposed tissue, protects DNA, Protects against cataracts and heart disease]
66
Vitamin E: Deficiency
Hemolytic Anemia [weakened RBCs because oxidative damage and neuromuscular damage]
67
Vitamin E: Toxicity
Rare but if happens, can cause hemorrhaging and cardiovascular problems
68
Vitamin K: Forms
(1) Phylloquinone - plant source Vitamin K1 (2) Menaquinone - Bacteria in Large Intestine Vitamin K2 (3) Menadione - Man Made "pro vitamin"
69
Calcium: Absorption and Bioavailability
(1) Vitamin D and Calcitriol [active vitamin D] (2) Chelators Inhibit Absorption [oxalates and phyates] (3) Dairy
70
Calcium: Homeostasis
(1) Parathyroid hormone
71
Calcium: Functions
(1) Hydroxyapatite (2) Bones and teeth: component of hydroxyapatite (3) Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
72
Calcium: Functions
(1) Blood clot formation (2) Muscle contraction and nerve conduction (3) Vision (4) Regulation of blood glucose (4) Enzyme cofactor
73
Calcium: Deficiency
(1) Rickets (2) Muscle pain and weakness and can cause tetany
74
Calcium: Toxicity
(1) Kidney stones (2) Interference with iron and zinc absorption (3) Excess vitamin D
75
Phosphorus: Absorption and Bioavailability
(1) Calcitrol (2) Phosphorus in phyates (3) Dairy, meat, seafood
76
Phosphorus: Functions
(1) Hydroxyapatite, bones and teeth (2) component of phospholipid (3) component of lipoproteins (4) component of DNA and ATP (5) Maintenance of blood pH
77
Phosphorus: Deficiency
Rare, leads to decreased appetite, hydroxyapatite [decreased bone density], muscle weakness and Anemia
78
Phosphorus: Toxicity
(1) Mineralizations of soft tissue in kidney
79
Vitamin D: Forms
(1) Vitamin D2 [ergocalciferol] (2) Vitamin D3 [cholecalciferol]
80
Vitamin D: Functions
(1) Calcium homeostasis increases absorption and calcium release from bones (2) Calcium decreases calcium excretion by the kidneys
(3) Gene expression
81
Vitamin D: Absorption and bIoavailability
(1) In the cell of small intestine
(2) Calcitonin
(3) Parathyroid hormone
82
Vitamin D: Deficiency
(1) Rickets (2) Brain abnormalities (3) Slows down Alzheimers
83
Vitamin D: Toxicity
(1) Rare (2) increased blood and urine calcium (3) calcium deposits (4) Kidney stones (5) Bone loss
84
Magnesium: Absorption and Bioavailability
(1) Magnesium chelation by phytates
85
Magnesium: Homeostasis
Similar hormone regulation as Ca and P, GI Tract to blood to kidneys
86
Magnesium: Functions
(1) Bone structure (2) Enzyme cofactor
87
Magnesium: Deficiency
(1) Alcoholism: Low intake (2) Malabsorption (3) High Dietary or Supplemental Ca or P
88
Magnesium: Toxicity
Diarrhea, intestinal cramping, nausea, heart failure
89
Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl
Major minerals >100 ms/d
90
Fe, I, Se, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Mo, F, Ni, Al, Si, V, As, B
Trace minerals <100 mg/d
91
Inorganic Substances
(1) Dont contain carbon (2) Essential
92
General Function of Minerals and Water
(1) Structural - bones and teeth (2) Cofactors in enzymatic reactions (3) Nerve function (4) Muscle contraction (5) Maintenance of fluid balance
93
Minerals and Water: Regulation and Homeostasis
(1) Maintains blood levels and overall status (2) Absorption, Reabsorption, Resorption
94
Potassium: Homeostasis
Adrenal Glands
95
Potassium: Functions
(1) Fluid balance (2) nerve function and muscle contraction and energy metabolism
96
Potassium: Deficiency
(1) GI Diseases, infections (2) Diuretic (3) Hypokalemia- muscle weakness, constipation, irritability, decreased BP
97
Potassium: Toxicity
(1) Cardiac arrest (2) Tingling feet and hands (3) Muscle weakness
98
Sodium and Chloride: Sources
(1) High source: table salt (2) Moderate sources: meats, dairy, seafood (3) Low sources: Fruits and vegetables
99
Sodium and Chloride: Absorption and Bioavailability
(1) Active transport in small intestine and colon (2) Passive transport in small intestine (3)
100
Sodium and Chloride: Homeostasis
Bloop Pressure
101
Sodium and Chloride: Functions
(1) Fluid Balance (2) Nerve function and muscle contraction (3) Digestion (4) Elimination of CO2 in Lungs, Immune Function
102
Sodium and Chloride: Deficiency
(1) Nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps, coma, excessive losses in sweat, excessive diarrhea, high losses in stool
103
Sodium and Chloride: Toxicity
(1) Increased BP (2) People with hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease are at risk (3) DASH diet is done as treatment (4) Hyponatremia - drinking too much water without salts/ glucose
104
Sodium and Chloride: Solution to deficiency
Oral Rehydration Therapy
105
Water: Location
(1) 50-70% of body) (2) Intracellular -2/3 of body (3) Interstitial, Intravascular- 1/3 of body
106
Water: Function
(1) Solvent (2) Lubricant (3) Body temperature (4) biochemical reactions
107
Water: Heating and cooling
(1) It takes a lot of heat to increase the temp of water (2) Evaporation is a cooling process - water molecules with high energy evaporate and leave behind water molecules with low energy making body cooler
108
Water: Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions
(1) Hydrolysis is water consumed (2) Condensation is water produced
109
Water: Homeostasis
Maintains BP
110
Water: Deficiency
(1) Brain is priority (2) Kidneys overloaded with toxins (3) Digestive Problems occur (4) Heart has to work harder (5) Dehydration
111
Water: Toxicity
Hyponatremia- drinking too much water and not enough sodium
112
Copper: Absorption and Bioavailability
(1) Absorbed in the duodenum and in the stomach and ileum (2) Actively transported into the intestinal cell (3) Some copper is bound by the protein, MT, which retain the copper the enterocyte (4) Some copper is transported into the blood and carries to the liver by albumin
113
Copper: Absorption and Bioavailability problem
(1) When copper is high, MT levels in the intestinal cell increase and and bind excess copper (2) MT levels in the intestinal cell also increase when zinc is high (3) Zinc and Copper need to be balanced
114
Copper: Homeostasis
(1) Transport of Copper Amongst Tissues (2)
115
Vitamin K: Function
(1) Blood clotting (2) Bone calcification [vitamin D, vitamin K, calcium = hydroxyapatite structure]
116
Vitamin K: Deficiency
More common in new borns and they are given a Vitamin K injection at birth
117
Vitamin K: Toxicity
Rare
118
Calcium: Absorption and Bioavailability
(1) Active and Passive transport (2) Vitamin D receptor (3) Calcitrol (4) Calbindin (5) Dairy (6) Chelators Inhibit absorption [Oxalates: tea, cocoa, greens, whole Phyates: grains, nuts]
119
Calcium: Function
(1) Bone health (2) Blood clots (3) Vision (4) Cell differentiation
120
Calcium: Deficiency
(1) Rickets (2) Muscle pain and weakness (3) Tetany
121
Calcium: Toxicity
(1) Kidney stones (2) Interferences with iron and zinc absorption
122
Phosphorus: Absorption and Bioavailability
(1) Dairy, Meats,
| seafood (2)Phosphorous in phyates
123
Phosphorus: Functions
(1) Bone and teeth component (2) Lipid bilayer (3) Protein synthesis (4) Energy metabolism (5) Maintenance of blood pH
124
Phosphorus: Deficiency
Rare but if happens causes Anemia, muscle weakness, decreased hydroxyapatite
125
Phosphorus: Toxicity
(1) Mineralization of soft tissue in kidney
126
Phosphorus in Soda Intake
Displaces calcium and can cause hypocalcemia which is excess calcium excretion in urine
127
Phosphorus RDA
mg/day
128
Vitamin D: Synthesis
(1) Skin synthesis (2) Metabolism
129
Vitamin D: Function
(1) Calcium homeostasis which increases the bioavailability of calcium (2) Gene expression and cell differentiation
130
Vitamin D: Forms
(1) Vitamin D2 (Ergocalcifrol) (2) Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
131
Calcium: RDA
mg/day
132
Vitamin D: Homeostasis
Parathyroid Hormone
133
Vitamin D: Deficiency
Rickets
134
Vitamin D: Toxicity
Rare but can cause hypercalciuria
135
Iodine: Site of Absorption
(1) Mainly: Small Intestine (2) Some: Stomach
136
Iodine: Functions
(1) Synthesis of thyroid hormone (a) T3 (b) T4 (2) Hypothalamic-Pituitary Thyroid Axis
137
Iodine: Deficiency
(1) Goitrogens: inhibits uptake of iodine into the thyroid (2) Manifestations: Cretinism:mother is iodine deficient during pregnancy causing mental retardation (3) Gioter: Adult deficiency, causes enlarged thyroid
138
Iodine Deficiency: Toxicity
(1) May cause over active thyroid or under active thyroid depending on duration and severity of deficiency
139
Iron: Absorption and Bioavailability
(1) Heme Iron from animals [High bioavailability] (2) Non- Heme Iron [low bioavailability] (3) Iron bound to ferritin (4)Iron bound to transferrin
140
Iron: Chelation
Bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions and molecules
141
Iron: Absorption
(1) When iron low, liver releases less hepcidin [entry of iron in circulation] and absorption increases and ferritin decreases (2) When Iron is high hepcidin is high ferritin is high and decreases absorption
142
Iron: Toxicity `
(1) Unbound Iron is toxic (2) Rare from food but can happen from supplements and can be fatal
143
Iron: Deficiency
(1) Microcytic Anemia, small pale red blood cells (2) Decreased delivery of oxygen to cells
144
Iron: Functions
(1) O2 and CO2 transport in blood (2) Oxygen reservoir in muscle (3) Cofactor for enzymes
145
Selenium: Absorption and bioavailability
(1) Highly bioavailable (2) small intestine - duodenum
146
Selenium: Functions
(1) Selenomethionine (2) Selenocysteine
147
Selenium: Deficiency
(1) Keshon Disease - low selenium in soil leads to low selenium in foods of plant origin, causes heart problems (2) Seleosis - high intake from plants grown in soil containing high levels of selenium, garlic breath
148
Zinc: Absorption and bioavailability
(1) Mainly absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum (2) Actively transported into the intestinal cell (3) Zinc bound by protein
149
Zinc: Homeostasis
(1) When zinc level is high, MT levels in the intestinal cell increase and bind excess zinc
(2) Intestinal cells with high levels of zinc bound to MT are excreted in the feces, thus disposing of the excess zinc
150
Zinc: Function
(1) RNA synthesis and alcohol metabolism (2) Stabilizes proteins by forming "zinc fingers"
151
Zinc: Deficiency
(1) Acrodermatitis Enteropathica - genetic defect , fatal if not treated - scaly red skin on face, scalp, feet, genital and anal area (2) Mild Deficiency: Plant based diets, decreased appetite
152
Zinc: Toxicity
(1) Rare- only if high supplement amount- impaired immune function - Decreased HDL (2) Inhibits copper absorption
