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Nutrition Exam 3 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Biotin (site of absorption)

A

(1) Small Intestine (2) Gut bacteria are a significant source of biotin

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2
Q

Biotin: Bioavailability

A

(1) Biotin is bound to protein (2) Issue: with raw egg whites, biotin absorption is inhibited

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3
Q

Biotin: Function in Carboxylation Reactions

A

(1) Gluconeogenesis (2) Protein catabolism (3) Fatty acid synthesis (4) ATP production
(5) Healthy hair, skin, nails

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4
Q

Biotin Deficiency

A

Rare but if happens caused IBD and can lead to depression, hallucinations, poor muscle control, seizures

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5
Q

Biotin Toxic Level

A

N/A

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6
Q

Vitamin B12 other name

A

Cobalamin

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7
Q

B12 synthetic form

A

Cyanocobalamin

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8
Q

B12 4 R groups

A

(1) CN [ Supplement in US]
(2) OH [Supplement in EU]
(3) CH3 [Cofactor form] (4) Deoxyadenosyl [Cofactor form]

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9
Q

B12 3 transport proteins

A

(1) HC from saliva (2) Intrinsic Factor are parietal cells in stomach (3) Transcobalamin from intestinal cells (4) Stomach acid

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10
Q

B12 Absorption

A

(1) Stomach (2) Small Intestine (3) Lumen (4) Intestinal cell (ileum) (5) Blood

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11
Q

B12: One carbon metabolism

A

SAM synthesis

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12
Q

B12 deficiency

A

(1) Macrolytic [megoblastic] Anemia (2) Hyperhomocysteinemia [increased risk of vascular disease and dementia] (3) Neurological Disease

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13
Q

Macrolytic Anemia

A

Large Blood cells and multiple nucleus in WBCs

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14
Q

Normal Blood Smear

A

Erythrocytes (RBC) & Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs)

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15
Q

B12 Deficiency problems

A

(1) Degeneration of the spinal cord (2) Memory Loss

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16
Q

B12 Malabsorption

A

(1) Pernicious anemia due to inability to absorb B12 from pills or food (2) Atrophic gastritis from loss of stomach acid and B12 cant absorb from food but CAN from pills

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17
Q

B12 Toxicity

A

N/A

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18
Q

B12 Benefits

A

(1) Slows down brain atrophy

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19
Q

Folate forms

A

(1) Vitamin B9 (2) Folic Acid

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20
Q

Folate: synthetic form

A

Folic Acid

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21
Q

Folate: Active Form

A

(1) THF (2) N5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (3) N5, 10- methylenetetrahydrofolate (4) N5 - Formyltetrahydrofolate (5) DHF (6) Methotrexate

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22
Q

Folate Deficiency

A

(1) Macrolytic Anemia (2) Hyperhomocysteinemia (3) Neural Tube defects (a) Spina Bifida (b) Anencephaly

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23
Q

Folic Acid benefits

A

(1) Reduces neural tube defects (2) Masks B12 deficiency (3) May promote cancer growth

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24
Q

Folic Acid Toxicity

A

N/A

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25
Q

Niacin: also known as

A

Vitamin B3

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26
Q

Niacin: Forms

A

(1) Niacin (2) Nicotinamide (3) NAD (4) NADP

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27
Q

Niacin: Sites of Absorption

A

(1) Small intestine (duodenum and jejunum)

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28
Q

Niacin: Bioavailability

A

Animal sources more bioavailable than grains

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29
Q

Niacin: Deficiency

A

(1) Pellegra (2) 4 D’s (a) Dermatitis (b) Diarrhea (c) Dementia (d) Death

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30
Q

Niacin Toxicity:

A

(1) Increased plasma glucose (2) Liver damage (3) Flushing, redness of the face

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31
Q

Pantothenic Acid: also known as

A

Vitamin B5

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32
Q

Pantothenic Acid: Forms

A

(1) Pantothenic Acid (2) 4 - Phosphopantetheine (3) Coenzyme A (CoA) (4) Acyl carries protein (ACP)

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33
Q

Pantothenic Acid: Site of absorption

A

(1) Small intestine (jejunum)

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34
Q

Pantothenic Acid: Function

A

(1) ATP production

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35
Q

Pantothenic Acid: Synthesis

A

(1) Synthesizes many compounds [heme, cholesterol, bile salts, phospholipids, fatty acids]

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36
Q

Pantothenic Acid: Deficiency

A

Rare but if happens causes burning feet syndrome, tingling in feet and legs, fatigue, weakness, diarrhea

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37
Q

Pantothenic Acid: Toxicity

A

Must take high dose and causes nausea and diarrhea if done

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38
Q

Vitamin B6: also known as

A

Pyridoxine

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39
Q

Vitamin B6: Forms

A

(1) Supplemental form = Pyridoxine (2) Active form: Pyridoxals’ phosphate (PLP)

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40
Q

Vitamin B6: Absorption

A

(1) Blood through RBCs in liver (2) Intestinal Lumen [Hydrolase] (3) Intestinal Cell [jejunum] [ through Kinase and Phosphatase]

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41
Q

Vitamin B6: Deficiency

A

(1) Microcytic Anemia [pale/small RBC and Large WBC with multiple nuclei] (2) Convulsion/ EEG Abnormalities: Inhibits neurotransmitter synthesis
(3) Hyperhomocysteinemia (4) Inflammatory disease

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42
Q

Vitamin B6: Severe Toxicity problems

A

(1) Difficulty walking (2) Numbness in hands and feet (3) Nerve damage

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43
Q

Vitamin B2: also known as

A

Riboflavin

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44
Q

Vitamin B2: Forms

A

Active forms: FAD, FMN, Riboflavin

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45
Q

Vitamin B2: site of absorption

A

Small Intestine (duodenum and jejunum)

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46
Q

Vitamin B2: Function

A

(1) Citric Acid Cycle (2) ATP) (3) Use fatty acids for energy (4) Synthesis of activation of vitamins (5) Neurotransmitter metabolism

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47
Q

Vitamin B2: Deficiency

A

(1) Ariboflavinosis (a) occurs with malnutrition and multiple micronutrient deficiency (b) Muscle weaknedd, mouth and lip sores “cheilosis”, mouth inflammation “stomatitis”, enlarged and inflamed tongue “glossitis”
(3) Can cause secondary to alcoholism and thyroid disease

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48
Q

Vitamin B1: Active form

A

(1) Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) (2) Active cofactor form from addition if 2 phosphate groups

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49
Q

Vitamin B1: also known as

A

Thiamin

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50
Q

Vitamin B1: Absorption

A

(1) Intestinal Lumen (2) Intestinal Cell (3) Blood

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51
Q

Vitamin B1: Function

A

(1) ATP production essential (2) DNA/RNA synthesis (3) NADPH synthesis (4) Nerve Function

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52
Q

Deficiency

A

(1) Dry Beri Beri- peripheral neuropathy, severe muscle wasting, leg cramps (2) Wet Beri Beri- edema, enlargement of heart, breathing problems (3) Infantile Issues- thiamin deficient mothers, heart failure (4) Cerebral “Wernicke- korsakoff Syndrome” - cause by alcoholism, poor muscle coordination and short term memory loss

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53
Q

Vitamin B1 Deficiency

A

N/A

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54
Q

Fat soluble Vitamins and Minerals

A

(1) Absorbed with monoglycerides and fatty acids (2) Requires bile salts and mixed micelles (3) Packed into chylomicrons and enters lymph system before blood

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55
Q

Vitamin A: Forms

A

(1) Plant food supplement: beta carotene (2) Retinal (3) Retinol [retinyl esters animal foods] (4) 12 mieu of Beta carotene = 1 mieu of retinol

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56
Q

Vitamin A: Function

A

(1) Vision (2) Essential for seeing blacn and white “rod” cells in retina (3) Important for night vision (4) Important for cell differentiation [villi development, epithelial cell maturation, development of embryo, bone health]

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57
Q

Vitamin A: Deficiency

A

(1) VADD (2) Mild form is night blindness (3) Severe form (a) Xerophthamalia: damage to cornea, dry eyes, scarring, blindness (b) Hyperkeratosis: Increased keratin synthesis in skin and nails

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58
Q

Vitamin A: Toxicity

A

(1) Hypervitaminosis A (a) chronic consumption of 3-4 times the RDA (B) Blurred vision, liver damage, reduced bone strength, birth defects

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59
Q

Vitamin C: Forms

A

(1) L- ascorbic acid (2) L- dehydroascorbic acid

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60
Q

Vitamin C: Absorption and Bioavailability

A

(1) Sodium dependent (2) Dehydroascorbic acid (3) Destroyed by heat so found in fresh fruits (4) Excess glucose inhibits Vitamin C absorption

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61
Q

Vitamin C: Function

A

(1) Antioxidant: reduces bad oxygen in body “superoxidde” to hydrogen peroxide (2) Reduces Iron (3) Synthesis of Important molecules [hormones, collegen, tyrosine]

62
Q

Vitamin C: Toxicity

A

(1) High dose well-tolerates by some, but can cause (a) kidney stones (b) cramping (c) diarrhea (d) Nausea

63
Q

Vitamin C: Deficiency

A

Scurvy [bleeding gums, skin irritation, bruising, poor wound healing]

64
Q

Vitamin E: Forms

A

Alpha Tocopherol (biologically active)

65
Q

Vitamin E: Function

A

Antioxidant [protects biological membrane, important for oxygen exposed tissue, protects DNA, Protects against cataracts and heart disease]

66
Q

Vitamin E: Deficiency

A

Hemolytic Anemia [weakened RBCs because oxidative damage and neuromuscular damage]

67
Q

Vitamin E: Toxicity

A

Rare but if happens, can cause hemorrhaging and cardiovascular problems

68
Q

Vitamin K: Forms

A

(1) Phylloquinone - plant source Vitamin K1 (2) Menaquinone - Bacteria in Large Intestine Vitamin K2 (3) Menadione - Man Made “pro vitamin”

69
Q

Calcium: Absorption and Bioavailability

A

(1) Vitamin D and Calcitriol [active vitamin D] (2) Chelators Inhibit Absorption [oxalates and phyates] (3) Dairy

70
Q

Calcium: Homeostasis

A

(1) Parathyroid hormone

71
Q

Calcium: Functions

A

(1) Hydroxyapatite (2) Bones and teeth: component of hydroxyapatite (3) Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

72
Q

Calcium: Functions

A

(1) Blood clot formation (2) Muscle contraction and nerve conduction (3) Vision (4) Regulation of blood glucose (4) Enzyme cofactor

73
Q

Calcium: Deficiency

A

(1) Rickets (2) Muscle pain and weakness and can cause tetany

74
Q

Calcium: Toxicity

A

(1) Kidney stones (2) Interference with iron and zinc absorption (3) Excess vitamin D

75
Q

Phosphorus: Absorption and Bioavailability

A

(1) Calcitrol (2) Phosphorus in phyates (3) Dairy, meat, seafood

76
Q

Phosphorus: Functions

A

(1) Hydroxyapatite, bones and teeth (2) component of phospholipid (3) component of lipoproteins (4) component of DNA and ATP (5) Maintenance of blood pH

77
Q

Phosphorus: Deficiency

A

Rare, leads to decreased appetite, hydroxyapatite [decreased bone density], muscle weakness and Anemia

78
Q

Phosphorus: Toxicity

A

(1) Mineralizations of soft tissue in kidney

79
Q

Vitamin D: Forms

A

(1) Vitamin D2 [ergocalciferol] (2) Vitamin D3 [cholecalciferol]

80
Q

Vitamin D: Functions

A

(1) Calcium homeostasis increases absorption and calcium release from bones (2) Calcium decreases calcium excretion by the kidneys
(3) Gene expression

81
Q

Vitamin D: Absorption and bIoavailability

A

(1) In the cell of small intestine
(2) Calcitonin
(3) Parathyroid hormone

82
Q

Vitamin D: Deficiency

A

(1) Rickets (2) Brain abnormalities (3) Slows down Alzheimers

83
Q

Vitamin D: Toxicity

A

(1) Rare (2) increased blood and urine calcium (3) calcium deposits (4) Kidney stones (5) Bone loss

84
Q

Magnesium: Absorption and Bioavailability

A

(1) Magnesium chelation by phytates

85
Q

Magnesium: Homeostasis

A

Similar hormone regulation as Ca and P, GI Tract to blood to kidneys

86
Q

Magnesium: Functions

A

(1) Bone structure (2) Enzyme cofactor

87
Q

Magnesium: Deficiency

A

(1) Alcoholism: Low intake (2) Malabsorption (3) High Dietary or Supplemental Ca or P

88
Q

Magnesium: Toxicity

A

Diarrhea, intestinal cramping, nausea, heart failure

89
Q

Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl

A

Major minerals >100 ms/d

90
Q

Fe, I, Se, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Mo, F, Ni, Al, Si, V, As, B

A

Trace minerals <100 mg/d

91
Q

Inorganic Substances

A

(1) Dont contain carbon (2) Essential

92
Q

General Function of Minerals and Water

A

(1) Structural - bones and teeth (2) Cofactors in enzymatic reactions (3) Nerve function (4) Muscle contraction (5) Maintenance of fluid balance

93
Q

Minerals and Water: Regulation and Homeostasis

A

(1) Maintains blood levels and overall status (2) Absorption, Reabsorption, Resorption

94
Q

Potassium: Homeostasis

A

Adrenal Glands

95
Q

Potassium: Functions

A

(1) Fluid balance (2) nerve function and muscle contraction and energy metabolism

96
Q

Potassium: Deficiency

A

(1) GI Diseases, infections (2) Diuretic (3) Hypokalemia- muscle weakness, constipation, irritability, decreased BP

97
Q

Potassium: Toxicity

A

(1) Cardiac arrest (2) Tingling feet and hands (3) Muscle weakness

98
Q

Sodium and Chloride: Sources

A

(1) High source: table salt (2) Moderate sources: meats, dairy, seafood (3) Low sources: Fruits and vegetables

99
Q

Sodium and Chloride: Absorption and Bioavailability

A

(1) Active transport in small intestine and colon (2) Passive transport in small intestine (3)

100
Q

Sodium and Chloride: Homeostasis

A

Bloop Pressure

101
Q

Sodium and Chloride: Functions

A

(1) Fluid Balance (2) Nerve function and muscle contraction (3) Digestion (4) Elimination of CO2 in Lungs, Immune Function

102
Q

Sodium and Chloride: Deficiency

A

(1) Nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps, coma, excessive losses in sweat, excessive diarrhea, high losses in stool

103
Q

Sodium and Chloride: Toxicity

A

(1) Increased BP (2) People with hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease are at risk (3) DASH diet is done as treatment (4) Hyponatremia - drinking too much water without salts/ glucose

104
Q

Sodium and Chloride: Solution to deficiency

A

Oral Rehydration Therapy

105
Q

Water: Location

A

(1) 50-70% of body) (2) Intracellular -2/3 of body (3) Interstitial, Intravascular- 1/3 of body

106
Q

Water: Function

A

(1) Solvent (2) Lubricant (3) Body temperature (4) biochemical reactions

107
Q

Water: Heating and cooling

A

(1) It takes a lot of heat to increase the temp of water (2) Evaporation is a cooling process - water molecules with high energy evaporate and leave behind water molecules with low energy making body cooler

108
Q

Water: Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions

A

(1) Hydrolysis is water consumed (2) Condensation is water produced

109
Q

Water: Homeostasis

A

Maintains BP

110
Q

Water: Deficiency

A

(1) Brain is priority (2) Kidneys overloaded with toxins (3) Digestive Problems occur (4) Heart has to work harder (5) Dehydration

111
Q

Water: Toxicity

A

Hyponatremia- drinking too much water and not enough sodium

112
Q

Copper: Absorption and Bioavailability

A

(1) Absorbed in the duodenum and in the stomach and ileum (2) Actively transported into the intestinal cell (3) Some copper is bound by the protein, MT, which retain the copper the enterocyte (4) Some copper is transported into the blood and carries to the liver by albumin

113
Q

Copper: Absorption and Bioavailability problem

A

(1) When copper is high, MT levels in the intestinal cell increase and and bind excess copper (2) MT levels in the intestinal cell also increase when zinc is high (3) Zinc and Copper need to be balanced

114
Q

Copper: Homeostasis

A

(1) Transport of Copper Amongst Tissues (2)

115
Q

Vitamin K: Function

A

(1) Blood clotting (2) Bone calcification [vitamin D, vitamin K, calcium = hydroxyapatite structure]

116
Q

Vitamin K: Deficiency

A

More common in new borns and they are given a Vitamin K injection at birth

117
Q

Vitamin K: Toxicity

A

Rare

118
Q

Calcium: Absorption and Bioavailability

A

(1) Active and Passive transport (2) Vitamin D receptor (3) Calcitrol (4) Calbindin (5) Dairy (6) Chelators Inhibit absorption [Oxalates: tea, cocoa, greens, whole Phyates: grains, nuts]

119
Q

Calcium: Function

A

(1) Bone health (2) Blood clots (3) Vision (4) Cell differentiation

120
Q

Calcium: Deficiency

A

(1) Rickets (2) Muscle pain and weakness (3) Tetany

121
Q

Calcium: Toxicity

A

(1) Kidney stones (2) Interferences with iron and zinc absorption

122
Q

Phosphorus: Absorption and Bioavailability

A

(1) Dairy, Meats,

seafood (2)Phosphorous in phyates

123
Q

Phosphorus: Functions

A

(1) Bone and teeth component (2) Lipid bilayer (3) Protein synthesis (4) Energy metabolism (5) Maintenance of blood pH

124
Q

Phosphorus: Deficiency

A

Rare but if happens causes Anemia, muscle weakness, decreased hydroxyapatite

125
Q

Phosphorus: Toxicity

A

(1) Mineralization of soft tissue in kidney

126
Q

Phosphorus in Soda Intake

A

Displaces calcium and can cause hypocalcemia which is excess calcium excretion in urine

127
Q

Phosphorus RDA

A

mg/day

128
Q

Vitamin D: Synthesis

A

(1) Skin synthesis (2) Metabolism

129
Q

Vitamin D: Function

A

(1) Calcium homeostasis which increases the bioavailability of calcium (2) Gene expression and cell differentiation

130
Q

Vitamin D: Forms

A

(1) Vitamin D2 (Ergocalcifrol) (2) Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

131
Q

Calcium: RDA

A

mg/day

132
Q

Vitamin D: Homeostasis

A

Parathyroid Hormone

133
Q

Vitamin D: Deficiency

A

Rickets

134
Q

Vitamin D: Toxicity

A

Rare but can cause hypercalciuria

135
Q

Iodine: Site of Absorption

A

(1) Mainly: Small Intestine (2) Some: Stomach

136
Q

Iodine: Functions

A

(1) Synthesis of thyroid hormone (a) T3 (b) T4 (2) Hypothalamic-Pituitary Thyroid Axis

137
Q

Iodine: Deficiency

A

(1) Goitrogens: inhibits uptake of iodine into the thyroid (2) Manifestations: Cretinism:mother is iodine deficient during pregnancy causing mental retardation (3) Gioter: Adult deficiency, causes enlarged thyroid

138
Q

Iodine Deficiency: Toxicity

A

(1) May cause over active thyroid or under active thyroid depending on duration and severity of deficiency

139
Q

Iron: Absorption and Bioavailability

A

(1) Heme Iron from animals [High bioavailability] (2) Non- Heme Iron [low bioavailability] (3) Iron bound to ferritin (4)Iron bound to transferrin

140
Q

Iron: Chelation

A

Bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions and molecules

141
Q

Iron: Absorption

A

(1) When iron low, liver releases less hepcidin [entry of iron in circulation] and absorption increases and ferritin decreases (2) When Iron is high hepcidin is high ferritin is high and decreases absorption

142
Q

Iron: Toxicity `

A

(1) Unbound Iron is toxic (2) Rare from food but can happen from supplements and can be fatal

143
Q

Iron: Deficiency

A

(1) Microcytic Anemia, small pale red blood cells (2) Decreased delivery of oxygen to cells

144
Q

Iron: Functions

A

(1) O2 and CO2 transport in blood (2) Oxygen reservoir in muscle (3) Cofactor for enzymes

145
Q

Selenium: Absorption and bioavailability

A

(1) Highly bioavailable (2) small intestine - duodenum

146
Q

Selenium: Functions

A

(1) Selenomethionine (2) Selenocysteine

147
Q

Selenium: Deficiency

A

(1) Keshon Disease - low selenium in soil leads to low selenium in foods of plant origin, causes heart problems (2) Seleosis - high intake from plants grown in soil containing high levels of selenium, garlic breath

148
Q

Zinc: Absorption and bioavailability

A

(1) Mainly absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum (2) Actively transported into the intestinal cell (3) Zinc bound by protein

149
Q

Zinc: Homeostasis

A

(1) When zinc level is high, MT levels in the intestinal cell increase and bind excess zinc
(2) Intestinal cells with high levels of zinc bound to MT are excreted in the feces, thus disposing of the excess zinc

150
Q

Zinc: Function

A

(1) RNA synthesis and alcohol metabolism (2) Stabilizes proteins by forming “zinc fingers”

151
Q

Zinc: Deficiency

A

(1) Acrodermatitis Enteropathica - genetic defect , fatal if not treated - scaly red skin on face, scalp, feet, genital and anal area (2) Mild Deficiency: Plant based diets, decreased appetite

152
Q

Zinc: Toxicity

A

(1) Rare- only if high supplement amount- impaired immune function - Decreased HDL (2) Inhibits copper absorption

Nutrition Exam 3 (1 decks)

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