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BIO 212 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

heterozygous phenotype same as that of homozygous dominant

A

complete dominance of one allele

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2
Q

heterozygous phenotype intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes; genotypic ratio=phenotypic ratio; Ex: pink flowers from red and white parents

A

incomplete dominance of either allele

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3
Q

both phenotypes expressed in heterozygotes; genotypic ratio=phenotypic ratio; Ex: AB blood

A

codominance

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4
Q

in the population, some genes have more than two alleles; Ex: ABO blood group alleles

A

multiple alleles

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5
Q

one gene affects multiple phenotypic characters; Ex: sickle-cell disease

A

pleiotropy

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6
Q

the phenotypic expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene; Ex: color of dogs

A

epistasis

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7
Q

a single phenotypic character is affected by two or more genes; Ex: skin color

A

polygenic inheritance

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8
Q

Particulate Theory of Inheritance
Law of Equal Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
Mono- and Di-hybrid crosses, dominant & recessive, etc.

A

Gregor Mendel

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9
Q

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
sex chromosomes & sex-linked inheritance
aka “hot dog”

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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10
Q

When is the Law of Segregation realized in meiosis?

A

anaphase I and anaphase II

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11
Q

When is the Law of Independent Assortment realized in meiosis?

A

anaphase I only

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12
Q

alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosomes assort independently

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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13
Q

the two alleles for each gene separate

A

Law of Segregation

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14
Q

Which of Mendel’s laws explains the outcome of a monohybrid cross?

A

Law of Equal Segregation

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15
Q

Which of Mendel’s laws explains the outcome of a dihybrid cross?

A

Law of Equal Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment

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16
Q

List four pieces of evidence for Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

A
  1. The “behavior” of Mendel’s factors is isomorphic to the “behavior” of chromosomes during meiosis.
  2. Sex-linked genes (e.g. white-eyed male by Thomas Hunt Morgan) could be correlated to XY situation in males.
  3. Linked genes exist; something (chromosomes?) must link them together.
  4. The number of linkage groups for somatic genes equals the haploid number of chromosomes minus one!
17
Q

chromosome mapping via linkage groups; Thomas Hunt Morgan’s research assistant

A

Alfred Henry Sturtevant

18
Q

1928 - transformation principle from Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Frederick Griffith

19
Q

1944 - chemically isolate Griffith’s transforming principle and claim it is DNA

A

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

20
Q

1952 - use radioactivity to support that Griffith’s transforming principle is DNA, NOT protein

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

21
Q

created rule that A=T and G=C in DNA

A

Erwin Chargoff

22
Q

figured out H-bonding between nucleotides of DNA

A

James Watson

23
Q

told Watson and Crick they made wrong tautomeric form; tautomers of bases

A

Jerry Donahue

24
Q

“Mr. Organic Chemistry,” made key mistake and put all “-“ charge on inside of molecule

A

Linus Pauling

25
Q

gave purest DNA sample to Rosalind Franklin; shows Watson (who shows Crick) pic of x-ray diffraction

A

Maurice Wilkins

26
Q

used x-ray diffraction to study DNA’s structure; first source of key piece of information

A

Rosalind Franklin

27
Q

Franklin’s assistant; makes picture of DNA

A

Raymond Gosling

28
Q

used x-ray diffraction of myoglobin

A

Francis Crick

29
Q

unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

A

helicase

30
Q

binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template; not an enzyme

A

single-strand binding protein

31
Q

relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

A

topoisomerase

32
Q

synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’ end of leading strand and at 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand

A

primase

33
Q

using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase III

34
Q

removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides added to 3’ end of adjacent fragment

A

DNA polymerase I

35
Q

joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand; on leading strand, joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA

A

DNA ligase

BIO 212 (2 decks)

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