Exam 3 Flashcards
Define “cellular respiration”
The process by which cells obtain energy from glucose
What is the function of a Lysosome?
To break down and recycle macromolecules
Where does Glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm
What are the reactants of Glycolysis? (What goes in?)
2 ATP
NAD+
1 Glucose
What are the products of Glycolysis?
2 Net ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
Where does Pyruvate Processing occur?
In the matrix of the mitochondria
From each molecule of glucose, the cell obtains…?
10 NADH
2 FADH2
4 ATP
Where will hydrophilic proteins be synthesized?
Hydrophilic proteins will be synthesized in the cytoplasm
Where will proteins that are intended to go outside of the cell/embedded in the cell membrane be synthesized?
In the Rough ER
Where will the proteins of cellular respiration/glycolysis be synthesized?
By ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What is Glycosolation?
the protein is folded and modified by adding carbohydrates
What is the function of organelles in eukaryotic cells?
Organelles increase the efficiency of the biochemical reactions that occur in the cell
Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is responsible for the development of the male reproductive system. Which of the following organelles will be found abundantly in the cells of human testes?
Smooth ER
CFTR gene encodes for the CFTR transmembrane protein. Where is this protein synthesized?
Rough ER
Hexokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of glycolysis. Where will hexokinase be synthesized?
Hexokinase will be synthesized in the cytoplasm.
What is the function of microtubules?
Microtubules are used as the “railroad tracks” for vesicle transport.
What are the three types of molecular structures that make up the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes are responsible for the oxidation of fatty acids.
Which organelle is responsible for protein/lipid packaging and sorting?
The Golgi Apparatus
Which organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis?
the Smooth ER
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
the Rough ER
Exergonic reactions are…
Catabolic, and they release energy by breaking bonds
Endergonic reactions are…
Anabolic, and they absorb energy by forming bonds
During which two stages of Cellular Respiration does Substrate Level Phosphorylation occur?
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
all enzymes are
proteins
What happens to a reaction if there is too much kinetic energy?
If there is too much kinetic energy, the reaction will be interrupted
What happens to a reaction if there is not enough kinetic energy?
If there is not enough kinetic energy, the reaction will not take place
the reactant upon which an enzyme works
substrate
transition state
combinations of old and new bonds that are formed when reactants collide
activation energy
the amount of energy that the reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will occur
catalyst
a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction and increases the rate of a reaction
Why do chemical reactions tend to proceed faster at a higher temperature?
temperature increase means an increase in kinetic energy
How does a substrate bond to an enzyme’s active site?
Hydrogen bonding between the substrate and the R groups of the active site
How do cofactors work?
By binding to the active site and stabilizing the transition state
Cofactors can be…
metals such as zinc or magnesium
Coenzymes are…
small organic molecules that are not part of the enzymes primary structure
Competitive Inhibition
Occurs when a molecule similar in size and shape to the substrate binds to the active site, directly blocking the active site
Allosteric Regulation (Control)
Occurs when a molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site, which then causes a conformational change to take place in the enzyme, making the substrate unable to bind to the active site
If you have a small substrate concentration, you can expect the reaction to proceed…
Quickly
If you have a large substrate concentration, you can expect the reaction to…
Plateau
How does a change in pH affect the function of an enzyme?
affects the ability of the active site to participate in proton transfer
What will happen if the final acceptor is not present in the cell?
Cellular respiration will not occur, so fermentation will take over
What is the final acceptor?
Oxygen
If a poison shuts down Complex III of the ETC, what will happen?
Complex III is blocked and no ATP will be produced
What kind of energy is found in the H+ gradient?
Potential energy
What kind of energy is found in ATP Synthase?
Kinetic energy
In cells that are capable, the fermentation pathway turns on when oxygen is unavailable, helping to generate NAD+. When oxygen is present, where is NADH oxidized?
Electron Transport Chain
What is produced in Light Dependent Reactions (Photosynthesis)?
oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
What is produced in Light Independent Reactions (Photosynthesis)?
Sugar is produced from CO2
Where will the sugar produced in Photosynthesis go to, and what will it be used for?
The sugar produced in photosynthesis will go to the cytoplasm to be used in cellular respiration
Is cellular respiration an anabolic or a catabolic reaction?
Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction
Is Photosynthesis an anabolic or a catabolic reaction?
Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction
Where is sugar oxidized in plants?
In the mitochondria
What is the function of the head of chlorophyll?
Absorbs light
What is the function of the tail of chlorophyll?
keeps the molecule embedded in the thylakoid membrane
Chemiosmosis
the use of a gradient of ions to generate enough kinetic energy to allow the creation of ATP
