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Bio 181 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define “cellular respiration”

A

The process by which cells obtain energy from glucose

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2
Q

What is the function of a Lysosome?

A

To break down and recycle macromolecules

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3
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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4
Q

What are the reactants of Glycolysis? (What goes in?)

A

2 ATP
NAD+
1 Glucose

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5
Q

What are the products of Glycolysis?

A

2 Net ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

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6
Q

Where does Pyruvate Processing occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

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7
Q

From each molecule of glucose, the cell obtains…?

A

10 NADH
2 FADH2
4 ATP

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8
Q

Where will hydrophilic proteins be synthesized?

A

Hydrophilic proteins will be synthesized in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

Where will proteins that are intended to go outside of the cell/embedded in the cell membrane be synthesized?

A

In the Rough ER

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10
Q

Where will the proteins of cellular respiration/glycolysis be synthesized?

A

By ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is Glycosolation?

A

the protein is folded and modified by adding carbohydrates

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12
Q

What is the function of organelles in eukaryotic cells?

A

Organelles increase the efficiency of the biochemical reactions that occur in the cell

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13
Q

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is responsible for the development of the male reproductive system. Which of the following organelles will be found abundantly in the cells of human testes?

A

Smooth ER

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14
Q

CFTR gene encodes for the CFTR transmembrane protein. Where is this protein synthesized?

A

Rough ER

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15
Q

Hexokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of glycolysis. Where will hexokinase be synthesized?

A

Hexokinase will be synthesized in the cytoplasm.

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16
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Microtubules are used as the “railroad tracks” for vesicle transport.

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17
Q

What are the three types of molecular structures that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

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18
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Peroxisomes are responsible for the oxidation of fatty acids.

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19
Q

Which organelle is responsible for protein/lipid packaging and sorting?

A

The Golgi Apparatus

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20
Q

Which organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis?

A

the Smooth ER

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21
Q

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

the Rough ER

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22
Q

Exergonic reactions are…

A

Catabolic, and they release energy by breaking bonds

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23
Q

Endergonic reactions are…

A

Anabolic, and they absorb energy by forming bonds

24
Q

During which two stages of Cellular Respiration does Substrate Level Phosphorylation occur?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

25
Q

all enzymes are

A

proteins

26
Q

What happens to a reaction if there is too much kinetic energy?

A

If there is too much kinetic energy, the reaction will be interrupted

27
Q

What happens to a reaction if there is not enough kinetic energy?

A

If there is not enough kinetic energy, the reaction will not take place

28
Q

the reactant upon which an enzyme works

A

substrate

29
Q

transition state

A

combinations of old and new bonds that are formed when reactants collide

30
Q

activation energy

A

the amount of energy that the reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will occur

31
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction and increases the rate of a reaction

32
Q

Why do chemical reactions tend to proceed faster at a higher temperature?

A

temperature increase means an increase in kinetic energy

33
Q

How does a substrate bond to an enzyme’s active site?

A

Hydrogen bonding between the substrate and the R groups of the active site

34
Q

How do cofactors work?

A

By binding to the active site and stabilizing the transition state

35
Q

Cofactors can be…

A

metals such as zinc or magnesium

36
Q

Coenzymes are…

A

small organic molecules that are not part of the enzymes primary structure

37
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Occurs when a molecule similar in size and shape to the substrate binds to the active site, directly blocking the active site

38
Q

Allosteric Regulation (Control)

A

Occurs when a molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site, which then causes a conformational change to take place in the enzyme, making the substrate unable to bind to the active site

39
Q

If you have a small substrate concentration, you can expect the reaction to proceed…

A

Quickly

40
Q

If you have a large substrate concentration, you can expect the reaction to…

A

Plateau

41
Q

How does a change in pH affect the function of an enzyme?

A

affects the ability of the active site to participate in proton transfer

42
Q

What will happen if the final acceptor is not present in the cell?

A

Cellular respiration will not occur, so fermentation will take over

43
Q

What is the final acceptor?

A

Oxygen

44
Q

If a poison shuts down Complex III of the ETC, what will happen?

A

Complex III is blocked and no ATP will be produced

45
Q

What kind of energy is found in the H+ gradient?

A

Potential energy

46
Q

What kind of energy is found in ATP Synthase?

A

Kinetic energy

47
Q

In cells that are capable, the fermentation pathway turns on when oxygen is unavailable, helping to generate NAD+. When oxygen is present, where is NADH oxidized?

A

Electron Transport Chain

48
Q

What is produced in Light Dependent Reactions (Photosynthesis)?

A

oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

49
Q

What is produced in Light Independent Reactions (Photosynthesis)?

A

Sugar is produced from CO2

50
Q

Where will the sugar produced in Photosynthesis go to, and what will it be used for?

A

The sugar produced in photosynthesis will go to the cytoplasm to be used in cellular respiration

51
Q

Is cellular respiration an anabolic or a catabolic reaction?

A

Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction

52
Q

Is Photosynthesis an anabolic or a catabolic reaction?

A

Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction

53
Q

Where is sugar oxidized in plants?

A

In the mitochondria

54
Q

What is the function of the head of chlorophyll?

A

Absorbs light

55
Q

What is the function of the tail of chlorophyll?

A

keeps the molecule embedded in the thylakoid membrane

56
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the use of a gradient of ions to generate enough kinetic energy to allow the creation of ATP

Bio 181 (1 decks)

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