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animal breeding > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are causes of correlated response?

A

Linkage

Pleiotropy

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2
Q

What is linkage?

A

Major genes affecting two traits that are closely linked

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3
Q

Why is linkage considered temporary?

A

Because of recombination

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4
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

Gene influences more than one trait

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5
Q

What is pleiotropy a major cause of?

A

Halothane gene–HYPP

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6
Q

What do correlated response to selection result from?

A

Genetic correlations between traits

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of correlation?

A

Genetic
Phenotypic
Environmental

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8
Q

What does genetic correlation measure?

A

The relative importance of pleiotropic effects on 2 traits

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9
Q

What is the symbol for genetic correlation?

A

r_BVx, BVy

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10
Q

What does phenotypic correlation measure?

A

The strength of the relationship between performance of one trait and performance of another

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11
Q

What is the symbol for phenotypic correlation?

A

r_Pbw, Pyw

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12
Q

What is environmental correlation a measure of?

A

The strength of the relationship between environmental effects of one trait and environmental effects of another

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13
Q

What is the symbol for environmental correlation?

A

r_Ebw, Eyw

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14
Q

What are higher weaning and yearling weights generally associated with?

A

Higher birth weights

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15
Q

What are higher growth rates generally associated with?

A

Larger scrotal circumferences and ribeye areas

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16
Q

What are higher growth EPDs generally associated with?

A

Lower maternal milk EPDs

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17
Q

What are higher maternal milk EPDs generally associated with?

A

Higher marbling in progeny

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18
Q

What are factors affecting correlated response?

A 
Correlation between traits
h^2
i
σp (phenotypic variation)
L
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19
Q

What is the formula for rate of genetic change?

A

(r_BVx,BVy x hx x hy x i_x x σpy) / L

20
Q

READ CHAPTER 13

A

READ CHAPTER 13

21
Q

What are the 2 methods of multiple trait selection?

A

Tandem selection

Independent culling levels

22
Q

What is tandem selection?

A

Selection for one trait then another

23
Q

What is the selection target in tandem selection?

A

Optimal level needed to be reached

24
Q

What do you need to be carful of in tandem selection?

A

Genetic correlations

25
Q

What is the independent culling levels method of selection?

A

Minimum standards for traits undergoing multiple trait selections
Allows you to select simultaneously for more than one trait

26
Q

What does the economic selection index predict?

A

The aggregate breeding value from multiple trait selections

27
Q

What is the equation for aggregate breeding value?

A

H = v1BV1 + v2BV2+…. vmBVm

28
Q

What is the phenotypic selection index?

A

A form of economic selection index used with phenotypic selection

29
Q

What is the equation for phenotypic selection index?

A

I = b1x1 + b2x2+…..

30
Q

READ CHAPTER 14

A

READ CHAPTER 14

31
Q

What is backcrossing?

A

The mating of a hybrid to a purebred of a parent breed or line

32
Q

What is grading up?

A

Mating system used to create purebred population or convert one breed to another

33
Q

READ CHAPTER 15

A

READ CHAPTER 15

34
Q

What happens in random mating?

A

Mates chosen at random
All matings are equally likely to occur
Gate cutting, assigning numbers

35
Q

Where is random mating popular?

A

Commercial operations

36
Q

What is random mating best for?

A

Sire evaluations

37
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

Planned matings

38
Q

What matings occur in assortative?

A

Mating of similar or dissimilar individuals

39
Q

Is assortative less or more difficult that random mating? Why?

A

More difficult

Multiple traits

40
Q

What are the 2 types of assortative breeding?

A

Positive

Negative

41
Q

What is positive assortative breeding?

A 
Best animal to the best animal
Creates more variation
Increases genetic variation
Produces extreme individuals
Decreases uniformity
42
Q

What is negative assortative breeding?

A 
Best animal to the worst animal
Decrease variation
Produce more intermediates
Reduce extreme individuals
Increase uniformity
43
Q

What does negative assortative correct?

A

Progeny faults

44
Q

What are 2 different types of negative assortative breeding?

A

Complementarity matings

Crossbreeding

45
Q

What are complementarily matings?

A

Matings of individuals with different but complementary breeding values

46
Q

What is the overall performance of offspring like in complementarity matings?

A

It is superior to the average of parents

47
Q

READ CHAPTER 16

A

READ CHAPTER 16

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