Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Motor Control > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Postural Stability

A

the ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the base of support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Components of the Systems Model of Development

A
  • musculoskeletal
  • neuromuscular response synergies
  • somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems
  • sensory strategies for organizing multiple inputs
  • internal representation for mapping of perception to action
  • adaptive and anticipatory mechanisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Balance and Protecting Reactions

A
  • tilting reactions

- parachute response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Law of Developmental Direction

A

developed by Arnold Gesell in 1946; development occurs from head to foot and proximal to distal within segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the action systems in postural control?

A
  1. higher-level planning
  2. co-ordination
  3. generation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Components of Postural Control

A
  • musculoskeletal
  • internal representation
  • adaptive mechanisms
  • anticipatory mechanisms
  • sensory strategies
  • individual sensory systems
  • neuromuscular synergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Musculoskeletal Components of Postural Control

A
  • joint ROM
  • strength
  • base of support
  • alignment and posture
  • muscle tone
  • postural tone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What senses contribute to postural control?

A
  • visual
  • somatosensory (proprioception, cutaneous, joint receptors)
  • vestibular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Visual input

A

static and dynamic visual acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal Eye Aging

A
  • sensitivity to glare
  • dark adaptation
  • shifting focus between near/far
  • require more light
  • slower reaction time
  • difficulty distinguishing color
  • peripheral vision somewhat smaller
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Normal Eye Aging

A
  • sensitivity to glare
  • dark adaptation
  • shifting focus between near/far
  • require more light
  • slower reaction time
  • difficulty distinguishing color
  • peripheral vision somewhat smaller
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Somatosensory Input

A
  • muscle spindle/GTO
  • joint receptors
  • cutaneous mechanoreceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vestibular Input

A

information regarding position of head relative to gravity and inertial forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

anterior, posterior, and horizontal (lateral) canals; important for detecting angular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Otoliths

A
  • utricle: detects horizontal movement

- saccule: detects vertical movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Normal Aging of the Vestibular System

A
  • loss of hair cells
  • calcification of otolithic membranes
  • micro vascular ischemia
  • less effective vestibulo-ocular reflex
  • less efficient sensory reweighting/prioritization
  • hyposensitivity related to sedentary lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the visual limitations in terms of postural control?

A
  • exocentric vs. egocentric motion
  • dark environment
  • eyes closed/visual deficits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the somatosensory limitations in terms of postural control?

A
  • moving support surface

- non-horizontal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the vestibular limitations in terms of postural control?

A
  • in isolation cannot provide CNS with true picture of how body is moving in space
  • dysfunction in system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Patterns of Recovery

A
  1. ankle strategy
  2. hip strategy
  3. stepping strategy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ankle Strategy

A

low frequency sway of ≤ 1 Hz; trunk and legs are in phase; most commonly used when the perturbation is small and the support surface is firm

distal to proximal muscle activation;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hip Stretegy

A

higher frequency sway of ≥ 1 Hz; trunk and legs are out of phase; most commonly used when the perturbations are larger and faster, and compliant or BOS smaller than feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stepping Strategy

A

elicited when hip is not efficient to maintain or re-establish BOS; most commonly used when ankle or hip strategy is insufficient for recovery

reach or step is used to realign the BOS under the COM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adaptive Postural Control

A

modifying sensory/motor systems in response to task and environmental demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Goals for training postural control

A
  • choose the appropriate training task
  • structure the environment
  • vary the task
  • progressively increase the complexity
  • try new tasks
  • repeat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

A

mechanical disorder of the inner ear caused by abnormal stimulation of one of more of the three semicircular canals; caused by movement of calcium carbonate crystals from utricle to semicircular canal; most common cause of dizziness and is characterized by:

  • vertigo/dizziness which typically lasts less than 1 minute
  • mild postural instability in between episodes of vertigo (> 50% of affected individuals)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the common movements that precipitate symptoms of vertigo?

A
  • transitioning from sit to/from supine
  • bending over
  • rolling over
  • looking up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Characteristics of BPPV

A
  • insidious onset
  • brief duration (≤ 1 min)
  • described as room spinning, lightheadedness, unsteady (10% elderly negative c/o vertigo)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Precautions with BPPV positioning testing

A
  • limited cervical ROM
  • severe Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Down syndrome
  • cervical radiculopathies
  • Paget’s disease
  • low back dysfunction
  • spinal cord injuries
  • torn or detached retina
  • glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two types of BPPV?

A
  1. Canalithiasis - free floating calcium carbonate crystals

2. Cupulolithiasis - calcium crystals adhered to cupula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Upbeating nystagmus with torsional component

A

posterior canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Downbeating nystagmus with torsional component

A

anterior canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Right torsion

A

right side involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Left torsion

A

left side involvement

35
Q

Apogeotropic nystagmus

A

cupulolithiasis

36
Q

Geotropic nystagmus

A

canalithiasis

37
Q

Canalith Repositioning Manuever (Epley)

A

anterior or posterior canalithiasis

38
Q

Liberatory Maneuver (Semont)

A

anterior or posterior canalithiasis or cupulolithiasis

39
Q

Canalith Repositioning Maneuver for Horizontal Canal (BBQ Roll/Lempert Maneuver)

A

horizontal canalithiasis

40
Q

Post-Treatment Precautions

A
  • collar for 24 hrs. (no longer used)
  • avoid head movement
  • sleep with head elevated for 1 night
  • do not roll onto affected side for 1 night
41
Q

What are the important factor to considers in UE control?

A
  • age
  • experience with the task
  • any limitations
  • type of task
  • environmental constraints
42
Q

When does the trunk begin to develop?

A

4 months old

43
Q

Eye-Hand Coordination

A

vision is key for target location, while vision and neck mm. are important for accuracy

44
Q

Reach and Grasp

A

parietal cortex is important for interpreting vision; perceptual pathway - visual to temporal; localization - visual to parietal

45
Q

Superior and Inferior Parietal Lobes

A

important for spatial awareness

46
Q

Dorsal Stream Visual Pathway

A

focused on all phases of movement; posture, structure, orientation, etc.

47
Q

Ventral Stream Visual Pathway

A

focused on our perception; visual percention

48
Q

The visual cortex loop occupies the:

A

posterior occipital lobe and is connected to the eye via the optic nerve

49
Q

Central vs. Peripheral Vision

A

central vision aids grasp and manipulation, and guides accuracy; peripheral vision aids reaching

50
Q

Visual perception and motor skills develop:

A

simultaneously

51
Q

Reach Component is controlled by:

A

parietal lobe and premorot cortex

52
Q

Corticospinal tract vs. Pyramidal tract

A

corticospinal tract affects finger control for grasping, while pyramidal tract affects fine motor control of grasp

53
Q

Power Grasps

A

finger and thumb pads are facing the palm to transmit a force to an object; consists of cylindrical, spherical, and hook grasps

54
Q

Precision Grips

A

forces are between the pads of the thumb and fingers, and involves more in hand manipulation; consists of pad to pad, tip to tip, and lateral grips

55
Q

What are the four phases of grasp and lift?

A
  1. contact with fingers and object
  2. determining grip force and load force
  3. movement of the object when load > weight of object
  4. end of lift when grip and load forces change to lower an object
56
Q

Reaction time involves what three strategies?

A
  1. stimulus identification
  2. response selection
  3. response programming
57
Q

Fitt’s Law

A

MT = a+b log2, 2D/W; movement time increases lineraly with the index of difficulty; that is, the more difficult the task, the longer it takes to make the movement

58
Q

Lateral Infraparietal Lobe

A

sensorimotor planning

59
Q

Inferior Parietal Lobe

A

eye movement

60
Q

Superior Parietal Lobe

A

planning center

61
Q

Dexterity and Fine Motor Tests

A
  • 9 hole peg test
  • Purdue pegboard test
  • Minnesota Rate of Dexterity test
  • Box and Block test
62
Q

Visual extinction

A

inability to detect stimulus in contralateral field

63
Q

Vestibular ocular reflex involves:

A
  1. detection of rotation
  2. inhibition of extraocular muscles on one side & excitation of extraocular muscles on the other side
  3. compensating eye movement
64
Q

Dorsal visual pathway

A
  • visual cortex to parietal lobe
  • good perception & orientation
  • difficult with picking up objects
65
Q

Ventral visual pathway

A
  • visual cortex to temporal lobe
  • poor perception & orientation
  • no difficulty with picking up objects
66
Q

According to Dr. McCallum, what are the suggested components of rehab in patients with fine motor control deficits?

A
  • closed chain before open chain
  • sensory input
  • functional activities
67
Q

Anterior parietal lobe

A
  • limit precision grip and in-hand manipulation skills

- tactile apraxia

68
Q

Posterior parietal lobe

A
  • spacial disorientation and misreaching

- important for organizing object-oriented action

69
Q

What are the sensory deficits with precision grip?

A
  • impaired friction
  • timing
  • force adjustment of grip
70
Q

When does anticipatory control and tip to tip grasp develop?

A

age 6-8

71
Q

What are functional outcome based measures?

A

Barthel Index and Katz Index

72
Q

Wolf-Motor Function test

A
  • 15 timed items

- quantifies single or multiple joint movement (items 1-6) and functional tasks (items 7-15)

73
Q

Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function test

A
  • 7 timed subtests: writing, card turning, picking up small items, simulated feeding, stacking checkers, picking up light cans, picking up heavy cans
  • tests dominant & non-dominant hands
74
Q

CVA Motor Deficits During Reach & Grasp

A
  • difficulty adjusting reach
  • overshoots close targets
  • undershoots far targets
  • lack of fractionated movement
75
Q

Cerebellar Pathology During Reach & Grasp

A
  • difficulty adjusting to change of load

- impaired with multi joint coordination

76
Q

Cerebral Palsy Motor Deficits During Reach & Grasp

A

coordination deficits

  • compensate with trunk
  • did well with reach
77
Q

Parkinson’s Disease Motor Deficits During Reach & Grasp

A
  • slow to move (bradykinesia)

- Levodopa?

78
Q

Motor Impairments with Reach

A
  • timing
  • interjoint coordination
  • synergies
79
Q

Abnormal synergistic coupling involves:

A
  • poor individuation

- abnormal torque coupling

80
Q

Individuation

A

difficulty isolating movement in the shoulder, elbow, and hand

81
Q

Global Synkinesis

A
  • motor irradiation

- involuntary and unintentional movement of one limb when the opposite limb is active

82
Q

Sensory deficits and reaching

A
  • optic ataxia

- visual control of the hand impacts ability to reach and grasp

83
Q

Left CVA in Reach and Grasp

A

transform of grasp

84
Q

Right CVA in Reach and Grasp

A

transport of grasp

Motor Control (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions