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Lifespan Development > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Erikson’s Theory

A

Theory of Identity Development

- adolescents are faced with driving who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life

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2
Q

Identity Diffusion

A
  • status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
  • undecided about occupational and ideological choices (likely to show little interest in such matters)
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3
Q

Identity Foreclusore

A
  • status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis
  • occurs most when parents (authoritarian) hand down commitment before adolescent has a chance to explore
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4
Q

Identity Moratorium

A
  • status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined
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5
Q

Identity Achievment

A
  • status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment
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6
Q

Ethnic Identity

A
  • basic aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership
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7
Q

Ethnic Socialization

A
  • developmental processes where children acquire the behaviors, perceptions, values, and attitudes of an ethnic group, and come to see themselves and others as members of the group
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8
Q

Anna Freud

A
  • puberty spurs unresolved childhood psychosexual conflicts; produces tension and discomfort with parents; and subsequent distancing (detachment)
  • families need intense conflict for autonomy to occur
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9
Q

Peter Blo

A
  • cognitive development sparks individuation or a desire to be different, autonomous, and separate from parents
  • adolescent relies less on parents
  • takes place in a supportive family environment
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10
Q

Changes in autonomy during adolescence

A
  • parents increasingly know less about adolescent friends and destinations
  • less willing to display negative emotions in front of parents; more autonomous coping for minor stressors
  • transformation in family relationships (more distancing)
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11
Q

Different theories of marital stability

A
  • Divorce Proneness Theories
  • Social Exchange/Equity Theories
  • Similarity Theory
  • Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
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12
Q

Internal working model

A
  • cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others
  • scheme for how to behave in social situations, what makes a healthy relationship, relationship standards
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13
Q

Adult Attachment Interview

A
  • working models of attachment can be assessed by evaluating a persons state of mind as they discuss attachment experiences
  • focus of assessment is what the person “shows” regarding attachment/relationships versus what they “say”
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14
Q

Career Academy

A
  • small learning community where a student receives academic instruction in high school combined with work based learning opportunities at an industry center, or technical school or college
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15
Q

Educational Attainment

A
  • highest level of schooling that a person has reached

- at the primary and secondary school level, educational attainment refers to the number of grades completed

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16
Q

Super’s stages of career development

A 
Growth
Exploration
Establishment
Maintenance
Decline
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17
Q

Super 1: Growth

A
  • birth to 14

- development of self concept, attitudes, needs and general world of work

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18
Q

Super 2: Exploration

A
  • 15 to 24
  • “trying out” through classes, work hobbies
  • tentative choice and skill development
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19
Q

Super 3: Establishment

A
  • 25 to 44

- entry-level skill building and stabilization through work experience

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20
Q

Super 4: Maintenance

A
  • 45 to 64

- continual adjustment process to improve position

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21
Q

Super 5: Decline

A
  • 65+

- reduced output, prepare for retirement

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22
Q

Life Expectancy

A
  • number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year
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23
Q

Life Span

A
  • maximum number of years an individual can live

- about 120 to 125 years

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24
Q

Chronological Age

A
  • age in years
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25
Q

Biological Age

A
  • physical functioning compared to others same age
26
Q

Psychological Age

A
  • adaptability and emotional maturity compared to others
27
Q

Functional Age

A
  • what you can do (e.g. learning physical and mental abilities) compared to others to succeed in everyday life
28
Q

Primary Aging

A
  • biological aging

- not under control

29
Q

Secondary Aging

A

aging due to:

  • environmental events (stress)
  • opportunities (lack of access to health care)
  • personal choices (smoking inactivity
30
Q

Factors responsible for primary aging

A
  • cellular breakdowns, cells need repair and “gasoline” (job increasingly does not get done, or cells damaged in the process)
  • due to hormonal changes, body recovers more slowly from stress and stays in “stress mode” longer
31
Q

Basic Physical Changes

A

Skin
Height
Weight

32
Q

Skin changes

A
  • 30 to 50 years: facial wrinkling due to secondary aging (use related, sun exposure, smoking)
  • after 50: wrinkling due to secondary aging, and age-related reductions in “sebum”
33
Q

Height changes

A
  • gradual reductions after 50 due to spinal column compression and loss of bone tissue
  • osteoporosis in 2/3 women
  • can be mitigated by exercise, diet, vitamin D, and targeted hormonal replacement therapy (Fosamax)
34
Q

Weight changes

A

Mid-late 20s

  • metabolism slows, influences speed and quality of food digestion
  • Age 30: need 10-15% fewer calories than 20
  • weight gain concentration in waist and hips (middle age spread)
  • weight drops after 60
35
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • far sighted

- blurred vision for up close objects, clear vision for far away objects (more common with age)

36
Q

Presbycusis

A

chronic difficulties with hearing high pitched sounds; masking problems

37
Q

Tinnitus

A

chronic ringing in the ears

38
Q

Nervous System

A

network of cells, or neurons, that carry information to and from all parts of the body

39
Q

Glial Cells

A

sends nutrients (“food”) to neurons, stimulate nerve cell development and growth, clean up dead neurons etc.

40
Q

Neuron

A

specialized cells receive and send messages within the nervous system

41
Q

Dendrites

A

part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons

42
Q

Soma

A

cell body that contains the nucleus, or “the brain” of the nerve cell

43
Q

Axon

A

carries messages through and out of the neuron

44
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulates the axon; speeds up neural transmission

45
Q

Axon Terminal

A

sends messages to other cells

46
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

contains neurotransmitters, or different types of “fuel” that drive the messages to other neurons

47
Q

Age-related nervous system changes

A
  • neurons die, brain becomes smaller
  • connections (dendrites and axons) become less plentiful (but can re-develop with mental activity)
  • myelin sheath becomes thinner
  • soma becomes cluttered
  • depletion of neurotransmitters
  • speed of message transfer slows
  • thinking and reaction time slows
  • problems with attention
  • mild memory decline
48
Q

Problem focused coping

A
  • active efforts to reduce or eliminate the stressor

- seeking information; directly attacking the problem (studying)

49
Q

Emotion focused coping

A
  • active efforts to reduce anxiety, sadness, etc.

- support seeking; Negative Mood Regulation

50
Q

Avoidant coping

A
  • denial; engaging in non-relevant activities
51
Q

Crystalized Intelligence

A

an individuals accumulated information and verbal skills (continues to increase in middle adulthood)

52
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

one’s ability to reason abstractly, begins to decline in middle adulthood

53
Q

Semantic Memory

A

recall of general facts

54
Q

Episodic Memory

A

recall of personal facts

55
Q

Psychosocial Moratorium

A
  • Erikson

- term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy

56
Q

Identity Confusion

A
  • Erikson

- adolescents who do not emerge with new sense of self when coping with conflicting identities

57
Q

Divorce Proneness Theories

A
  • low confidence turns into self-fulfilling prophecy

- may view divorce as an “acceptable” option

58
Q

Social Exchange/Equity Theories

A
  • high resources = better resources
  • resource inequities = more instability (marital instability and lower marriage rates of working class, under employing males)
59
Q

Similarity Theory

A

partner similarity in values, goals, etc. = more success

60
Q

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

A
  • suggests that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive
  • influenced by ethnological theory
61
Q

Post Operational Thought

A

thought that is reflective, relativistic, contextual, provisional, realistic and influenced by emotions

62
Q

Current trends in retirement

A
  • more are choosing semi-retirement
  • workers have less control over the timing of their retirement
  • the more money you make, the more likely you’ll keep working
  • people spend longer periods of time in part time careers

Lifespan Development (1 decks)

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