Exam #3 Flashcards
Erikson’s Theory
Theory of Identity Development
- adolescents are faced with driving who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life
Identity Diffusion
- status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
- undecided about occupational and ideological choices (likely to show little interest in such matters)
Identity Foreclusore
- status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis
- occurs most when parents (authoritarian) hand down commitment before adolescent has a chance to explore
Identity Moratorium
- status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined
Identity Achievment
- status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment
Ethnic Identity
- basic aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership
Ethnic Socialization
- developmental processes where children acquire the behaviors, perceptions, values, and attitudes of an ethnic group, and come to see themselves and others as members of the group
Anna Freud
- puberty spurs unresolved childhood psychosexual conflicts; produces tension and discomfort with parents; and subsequent distancing (detachment)
- families need intense conflict for autonomy to occur
Peter Blo
- cognitive development sparks individuation or a desire to be different, autonomous, and separate from parents
- adolescent relies less on parents
- takes place in a supportive family environment
Changes in autonomy during adolescence
- parents increasingly know less about adolescent friends and destinations
- less willing to display negative emotions in front of parents; more autonomous coping for minor stressors
- transformation in family relationships (more distancing)
Different theories of marital stability
- Divorce Proneness Theories
- Social Exchange/Equity Theories
- Similarity Theory
- Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
Internal working model
- cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others
- scheme for how to behave in social situations, what makes a healthy relationship, relationship standards
Adult Attachment Interview
- working models of attachment can be assessed by evaluating a persons state of mind as they discuss attachment experiences
- focus of assessment is what the person “shows” regarding attachment/relationships versus what they “say”
Career Academy
- small learning community where a student receives academic instruction in high school combined with work based learning opportunities at an industry center, or technical school or college
Educational Attainment
- highest level of schooling that a person has reached
- at the primary and secondary school level, educational attainment refers to the number of grades completed
Super’s stages of career development
Growth Exploration Establishment Maintenance Decline
Super 1: Growth
- birth to 14
- development of self concept, attitudes, needs and general world of work
Super 2: Exploration
- 15 to 24
- “trying out” through classes, work hobbies
- tentative choice and skill development
Super 3: Establishment
- 25 to 44
- entry-level skill building and stabilization through work experience
Super 4: Maintenance
- 45 to 64
- continual adjustment process to improve position
Super 5: Decline
- 65+
- reduced output, prepare for retirement
Life Expectancy
- number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year
Life Span
- maximum number of years an individual can live
- about 120 to 125 years
Chronological Age
- age in years
Biological Age
- physical functioning compared to others same age
Psychological Age
- adaptability and emotional maturity compared to others
Functional Age
- what you can do (e.g. learning physical and mental abilities) compared to others to succeed in everyday life
Primary Aging
- biological aging
- not under control
Secondary Aging
aging due to:
- environmental events (stress)
- opportunities (lack of access to health care)
- personal choices (smoking inactivity
Factors responsible for primary aging
- cellular breakdowns, cells need repair and “gasoline” (job increasingly does not get done, or cells damaged in the process)
- due to hormonal changes, body recovers more slowly from stress and stays in “stress mode” longer
Basic Physical Changes
Skin
Height
Weight
Skin changes
- 30 to 50 years: facial wrinkling due to secondary aging (use related, sun exposure, smoking)
- after 50: wrinkling due to secondary aging, and age-related reductions in “sebum”
Height changes
- gradual reductions after 50 due to spinal column compression and loss of bone tissue
- osteoporosis in 2/3 women
- can be mitigated by exercise, diet, vitamin D, and targeted hormonal replacement therapy (Fosamax)
Weight changes
Mid-late 20s
- metabolism slows, influences speed and quality of food digestion
- Age 30: need 10-15% fewer calories than 20
- weight gain concentration in waist and hips (middle age spread)
- weight drops after 60
Hyperopia
- far sighted
- blurred vision for up close objects, clear vision for far away objects (more common with age)
Presbycusis
chronic difficulties with hearing high pitched sounds; masking problems
Tinnitus
chronic ringing in the ears
Nervous System
network of cells, or neurons, that carry information to and from all parts of the body
Glial Cells
sends nutrients (“food”) to neurons, stimulate nerve cell development and growth, clean up dead neurons etc.
Neuron
specialized cells receive and send messages within the nervous system
Dendrites
part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons
Soma
cell body that contains the nucleus, or “the brain” of the nerve cell
Axon
carries messages through and out of the neuron
Myelin Sheath
insulates the axon; speeds up neural transmission
Axon Terminal
sends messages to other cells
Synaptic Vesicles
contains neurotransmitters, or different types of “fuel” that drive the messages to other neurons
Age-related nervous system changes
- neurons die, brain becomes smaller
- connections (dendrites and axons) become less plentiful (but can re-develop with mental activity)
- myelin sheath becomes thinner
- soma becomes cluttered
- depletion of neurotransmitters
- speed of message transfer slows
- thinking and reaction time slows
- problems with attention
- mild memory decline
Problem focused coping
- active efforts to reduce or eliminate the stressor
- seeking information; directly attacking the problem (studying)
Emotion focused coping
- active efforts to reduce anxiety, sadness, etc.
- support seeking; Negative Mood Regulation
Avoidant coping
- denial; engaging in non-relevant activities
Crystalized Intelligence
an individuals accumulated information and verbal skills (continues to increase in middle adulthood)
Fluid Intelligence
one’s ability to reason abstractly, begins to decline in middle adulthood
Semantic Memory
recall of general facts
Episodic Memory
recall of personal facts
Psychosocial Moratorium
- Erikson
- term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy
Identity Confusion
- Erikson
- adolescents who do not emerge with new sense of self when coping with conflicting identities
Divorce Proneness Theories
- low confidence turns into self-fulfilling prophecy
- may view divorce as an “acceptable” option
Social Exchange/Equity Theories
- high resources = better resources
- resource inequities = more instability (marital instability and lower marriage rates of working class, under employing males)
Similarity Theory
partner similarity in values, goals, etc. = more success
Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
- suggests that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive
- influenced by ethnological theory
Post Operational Thought
thought that is reflective, relativistic, contextual, provisional, realistic and influenced by emotions
Current trends in retirement
- more are choosing semi-retirement
- workers have less control over the timing of their retirement
- the more money you make, the more likely you’ll keep working
- people spend longer periods of time in part time careers
