exam 3

Question 1

what is Piaget’s theory? (proportional thought)

Answer 1

lasts 2-7 years.
children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
What they see overrides what they know.

Question 2

perceptual centration

Answer 2

tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.
ex) sun is out so wear shorts but its December and 30 degrees.

Question 3

irreversibility

Answer 3

the inability to reverse an operation.
what can be reversed/unreversed physically.
cannot understanding relationships ex) add/subtract

Question 4

egocentrism

Answer 4

tendency to view world from own perspective/failure to realize there are other/different perspectives

Question 5

transductive reasoning

Answer 5

tendency to reason from one particular instance to another.
linking 2 events that occur together in cause/effect relationships
ex) cat scratches because it is orange-> NO

Question 6

animistic thinking

Answer 6

tendency to believe inanimate objects have properties of living things

Question 7

gross motor movements

Answer 7

at age 3, children develop gross motor skills and can run,climb, jump,skip,hop, and gallop.

Question 8

fine motor development

Answer 8

By ages 2 to 3 years, children can create things with their hands. They can build towers out of blocks, mold clay into rough shapes, and scribble with a crayon or pen.

Around ages 3 to 4 years, children start to manipulate clothing fasteners, like zippers and snaps, and continue to gain independence in dressing and undressing themselves. children can now open containers with lids

During ages 4 to 5 years, children continue to refine fine motor skills and build upon earlier skills. For instance, they can now button and unbutton their clothes by themselves.

Question 9

what are the five ways to developing reading skills?

Answer 9

1) exposure to materials
2) shared reading/dialogue reading
3) engagement in writing activities
4) knowledge of alphabet
5) learning to read

Question 10

what are the three ways to learn to read?

Answer 10

1) phonics: learning through sounding out word
2) whole language
3) word recognition

Question 11

self-esteem

Answer 11

value placed on yourself. It is always developing.

Question 12

self-concept

Answer 12

by age 2, distinguishes self from others.

Question 13

what are self awareness and self esteem shaped by?

Answer 13

1) physical appearance
2) relationships with peers/caregivers
3) environment

Question 14

what are the stereotypes of gender?

Answer 14

boys: wild, like to play with trucks
girls: quiet. artistic

Question 15

primary emotion

Answer 15

infants can experience fear or joy.. happy,sad, angry,surprised

Question 16

self-conscious emotion

Answer 16

proud, envy, jealous,embarrassed.
to experience this, children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others.

develops around 2 1/2 years

egocentric to sociocentric

what they see overrides what they know

Question 17

name the play types and what they are

Answer 17

1) solitary play: playing alone, 0-12 months
2) onlooker play: watching others at play but not engaging in it. 9-18 months
3) parallel play: playing near others but not with, 18 months- 3 years
4) associative play: playing together but with different goals-3-4 years
5) cooperative play: playing with others- 5 plus years

Question 18

aggression

Answer 18

boys: use physical aggression and resolve conflicts quickly.

girls: use more relational aggression, conflicts last longer/ directed as feelings.
ex) silent treatment, leaving people out.

Question 19

discipline: physical

Answer 19

using physical force

Question 20

discipline: love withdrawal

Answer 20

removing child

Question 21

discipline:inductive reasoning

Answer 21

reasoning, explaining, communicating with child

Question 22

what are the 4 parenting styles?

Answer 22

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, neglectful approach

Question 23

authoritarian

Answer 23

demanding, controlling, lack of love/compassion, physical punishment, rigid, judgement, lack of love

Question 24

what is the outcome of the authoritarian parent style?

Answer 24

do bad things in return

Question 25

authoritative

Answer 25

most affective, demanding but reasonable, communicative, loving but fun, sets boundaries follows through

Question 26

what is the outcome of the authoritative parent style?

Answer 26

helps child feel secure and loved.

Question 27

permissive

Answer 27

no boundaries, loving, caring, not demanding, doesn’t follow through, child controls adult

Question 28

what is the outcome of the permissive parent style?

Answer 28

tantrums

Question 29

neglectful approach

Answer 29

leaving child alone

Question 30

what is the outcome of the neglectful approach parent style?

Answer 30

depressed

Question 31

effects of divorce

Answer 31

important variables in outcome: amount of conflict between parents, effectiveness of parents, child’s relationship with non-custodial parent, child’s persona;it and age, if parents develop good relationships-> good

Question 32

effects of TV/media

Answer 32

positive: providing models of prosocial behavior, can teach positive behavior

negative:
turning children into passive learners and presenting them with aggressive models, violence, sex, stereotyping, language, TV= linked to lower achievement in school.

Question 33

principles of concrete operational thought name 2 of them and what they are.

Answer 33

1) Arranging hierarchies: cauterization of info can do but not well before elementary school.

2) class inclusion relationships: they understand groupings even when classes are crossed.
ex) knowing categories cannot shift, have capacity to understand.

Question 34

principles of concrete operational thought name 3 and 4 of them and what they are.

Answer 34

3) serialization: they can group things by different variables.
ex) color/shape

4) conservation: of all properties of mass.

Question 35

name the first 2 of the concrete operations that child can perform at this age:

Answer 35

1) combinativity: if A> B and B>C then A>C

2) Reversibility: an operation can be reversed. (+ and -)

Question 36

name the last 2 of the concrete operations that child can perform at this age:

Answer 36

3) associativity: goals can be reached in different ways ex) 3x4=12 2x6=12.
4) nulifiability: an operation combined with its opposite will equal 0.

Question 37

what is the brain size and structure?

Answer 37

size: 90% adult size in late childhood
structure: organized, lateralized, myelinated

Question 38

innate fears

Answer 38

falling and loud noises

Question 39

learned fears

Answer 39

loss of family, school, growing up, social

Question 40

what are the 3 fears

Answer 40

innate fears, learned fears, and phobias

Question 41

changes in family relationships

Answer 41

reduced parent/child interaction, reduced parental supervision, increased peer interaction.

Question 42

influences on social interactions

Answer 42

communication between parent and child, child and peers, parents, and peer parents.

Question 43

teacher/child relationships

Answer 43

influences on teacher/child relationships:

• gender
• race/ethnicity/socioeconomic factors
• child’s behavior
• learning styles
• learning differences
• teacher’s behavior

Question 44

gender identity

Answer 44

understanding boy/girl

Question 45

gender labeling

Answer 45

by 2 1/2 will label gender correctly

Question 46

gender stability

Answer 46

by 3-4 yrs they know gender doesn’t change

Question 47

gender consistency

Answer 47

by 5-6 they know gender remains despite changes. boy can be dressed as a girl but still be a boy

Question 48

How old is olive and does she pass or fail?

Answer 48

4 and she failed

Question 49

How old is emily and does she pass or fail?

Answer 49

10 and passed

Question 50

who is molly?

Answer 50

the baby