Exam 3 Flashcards
personality
an individual’s unique set of behavioral traits
factor analysis
correlations among many variables that are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
5 factor model or personality traits
robert mcCrae and Paul Costa
agreeableness neuroticism extraversion openness to experience conscientiousness
Freud’s psychoanayltic theory
the id, ego, and superego
id
the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle (immediate gratifcation)
ego
decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle (delaying the ids urge for instant gratification)
superego
moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong
levels of awareness
conscious
preconscious
unconscious
conscious
whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
preconscious
material that is just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved
unconscious
thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the conscious level but exert great influence on behavior
defense mechanisms
largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from an unpleasant emotion
repression
keeping thoughts in the unconscious
projections
attributing ones thoughts to another person
displacement
diverting emotions to a new target
reaction formation
behaving opposite of feelings
regression
reversion to immature behavior
rationalization
creating false yet plausible excuses to justify
identification
bolstering self esteem by formation gan imaginary alliance
psychosexual stages
oral anal phallic latency genital
fixation
failure to move forward from one stage to another
archetypes
emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
collective unconscious
storehouse of latent memory that trace to your inherited ancestral past
compensation
effort to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing ones abilites
birth order
effects personality traits and formations (Adler)
Skinner and personality
determinism
response tendencies acquired via experience
personality is a collection of response tendencies tied to various stimuli situations
operant conditioning
determinism
behavior is solely determined by external stumuli
bandura: social cognitive theory
personality is shaped though learning because people are actively seeking out information and processing information to maximize favorable outcomes
observational learning
self efficacy
self efficacy
ones belief about ones ability to perform behaviors that lead to the expected outcomes
Mischel: person-situaiton controversy
people make response to what they think will reinforce the situation at hand
people behave differently in different situation
humanism
theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
Carl Roger’s self centered Theory
a collection of beliefs about ones own nature, unique qualities and typical behavior
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs and self actualization
Eysencks theory
personality is shaped by genetics
some people can be conditioned more easily than others
social pscyhology
the way individuals thoughts feelings and behavior are influenced by others
person perception
process of forming impressions of others
stereotypes
widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics bc of their membership in a particular group
illusory correlation
people estimate they have encountered ore confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen
ingroup
a group one belongs to and identities with
outgroup
a group one does not belong or identity with
attributions
inferences people draw about the cause of events, others behavior and their own behavior
internal attributions
ascribe the cases of behavior to personal disposition,, traits, etc.
external attributions
ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints
fundamental attribution error
observer bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behavior
self serving bias
attributing ones success to personal factors and ones failure to situational factors
conformity
people yield to real or imagined social pressure
Solomon Asch
large card w vertical line
which line matches
6/7 in each group were an accomplice to the experimenter
37% conformity
as group numbers increase conformity will increase
information influence
people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous decision making
obedience
a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands
Milgram’s study
subject=teacher
experimenter=learner
strap learner to the chair and each question wrong they were given a shock and shock would increase each time
teachers were fearful yet compliant
Zimbardos Stanford Prison Study
simulated a prison setting
confrontations arose
cruelness was extreme
social roles
widely shared expectations on how people should act in certain positions
bystander effect
people are less likely to help someone in need in a larger crowd than when alone
Clinical psychologist
diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral issues
pscyhiatrist
diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
insight therapy
verbal interactions intended to enhance clients self knowledge and promote healthy change in personality and behavior
psychoanalysis
emphasizes record of unconscious conflict, motives, and defenses through free association and transference
client centered therapy
supportive emotional climate where clients set the pace
group therapy
simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group
behavior therapy
application of principles of learning and conditioning to direct effects to change clients maladaptive behavior
systematic desentization
reduces phobic response
cognitive therapy
specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders
cognitive behavioral therapy
combo of verbal intervention and behavior modifying technique to change maladaptive thinking
biomedical therapy
physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psycho disorders
electroconvulsion therapy
biomedical treatment where electric shock is used to produce cortical seizure accompanied by convulsion
medical model
useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease
diagnosis
distinguishing one illness from other
etiology
apparent causation and developmental history of the illness
prognosis
forecase of probable course
criteria for abnormal behavior
deviance from the norm
maladaptive behavior
personal distress
diagnosis and statistic manual of mental disorders
elaborate system of classifying mental disorders
generalized anxiety disorder
chronic, high level anxiety the is not tied to any specific threat
specific phobia
persistent and irrational fear of something that presents no realistic danger
panic disorder
recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectantly
Agoraphobia
fear of going to in public places
OCD
persistent uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals
PTSD
enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of trauma
dissociative amnesia
sudden loss of memory for important personal info that i stop extensive to be due to normal forgetting
dissociative identity disorder
disruption of identity marked by the experience of 2 or more largely complete and different personalities
Major depressive disorder
people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure
bipolar disorder
experience of depressed and manic periods
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
dysthymia
mid-long term depression
schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior
delusion
clear beliefs that are maintained even though they are clearly our of touch with reality
hallucination
sensory perceptions that occur in absence of real external stimuli or gross perceptions of distortion
personality disorder
extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational funcitoning
antisocial personality disorder
impulsive, callous, manipulative , aggressive, irresponsible behavior
borderline pd
instability in social relationships, self image and emotional functioning
narcissistic pd
grandiose sense of self image and importance and entitlement and need for attention and admiration
eating disorder
severe disturbance in eating characterized by preoccupation w weight control
anorexia nervosa
intense fear of weight gain, disturbed body image and refusal to maintain normal weight, use of weigh loss to dangerous measures
bullimia nervosa
habitually engaging in out of control binge eating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts
binge eating
distress induced eating binges not accompanied w compensatory efforts
