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PSY 205 Exam 3 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

Unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits

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2
Q

Consistency

A

Behaving mostly the same way across a variety of situations

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3
Q

Distinctiveness

A

Behaving differently from others who are in the same situation

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4
Q

Personality Trait

A

Durable behavioral tendencies or dispositions

Ex. Honest, dependable, moody, friendly

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5
Q

State

A

Transitory conditions such as mood

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6
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clustered variables

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7
Q

Five-Factor model

A
  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism

OCEAN

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8
Q

Openness to Experience

A

Five-Factor model

Curious, flexible, creative, unconventional

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9
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Five-Factor model

Diligent, well-organized, dependable

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10
Q

Extraversion

A

Five-Factor model

Outgoing, social, friendly, assertive

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11
Q

Agreeableness

A

Five-Factor model

Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest

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12
Q

Neuroticism

A

Five-Factor model

Anxious, hostile, insecure, vulnerable

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13
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Structure of Personality

A

Id
Superego
Ego

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14
Q

Id

A
  • Primary-Process thinking
  • Primitive, unconscious drives, demands instant gratification

-Pleasure principle
-Demands immediate gratification of its urges
(Devil on shoulder)

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15
Q

Superego

A

Morality
Social standards about right and wrong

Angel on shoulder

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16
Q

Ego

A

Secondary-Process thinking
-Decision-making component, delay gratification until appropriate outlets are found

  • Reality principle
  • Decider of either side
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17
Q

Conscious

A

Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time

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18
Q

Preconscious

A

Contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved

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19
Q

Unconscious

A

Contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below surface of conscious awareness

But nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

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20
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Unconscious reactions that protect you from feeling unpleasant emotions

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21
Q

Repression

A

Defense mechanisms

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Ex. Forgetting deaths of parents

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22
Q

Regression

A

Defense mechanisms

Using immature patterns of behavior

Ex. Adult throws temper tantrum when he doesn’t get his way

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23
Q

Displacement

A

Defense mechanisms

Diverting feelings from original source to a substitute target

Ex. Baseball player breaking bat

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24
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Defense mechanisms

Expressing the opposite of true emotions

Ex. Joe is attracted to Jane, so he teases her

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25
Q

Projection

A

Defense mechanisms

Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

Ex. Jessica accuses her husband of an affair because she is attracted to neighbor

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26
Q

Rationalization

A

Defense mechanisms

Creating false but plausible excuses in order to justify unacceptable behavior

Ex. Stealing pennies from the company is okay because no one will notice

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27
Q

Denial

A

Defense mechanisms

Blatant dismissal/denial of facts, thought or feelings

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28
Q

Fixation

A

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Failure to move forward from one stage to another

Leads to overemphasis on psychosexual needs during fixated stage

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29
Q

Types of Fixation

A

Oral Fixation
Anal Fixation
Phallic Stage

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30
Q

Oral Fixation

A

Fixation

Overemphasis on ingesting behaviors

Such as smoking, drinking, obsessive eating

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31
Q

Anal Fixation

A

Anal expulsive personality (messy, cruel, destructive, and hostile)
Or anal retentive personality (orderly, stingy, obstinate)

Result of supportive vs. punitive parenting

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32
Q

Phallic Stage (fixation)

A

Oedipus Complex

Boys develop sexual desires toward mother and hostility toward father

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33
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

A

Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes

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34
Q

Personal Unconscious

A

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

Very similar to Freud
(1st Layer)

Houses material that is not in awareness because it has been

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35
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

Deeper level of unconscious
(2nd layer)

Houses latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past

Entire human race shares this collective unconscious

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36
Q

Archetypes

A

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

Ex.
Mandala- Circles that symbolize unity

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37
Q

Adler’s Individual Psychology

A

Humans strive for superiority

Universal drive to adapt, improve one’s self, and master challenges

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38
Q

Adler’s Individual Psychology- Compensation

A

Efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities

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39
Q

Adler’s Individual Psychology- Inferiority Complex

A

Exaggerated feelings of weakness and inability

Leads to overcompensation

  • Efforts to conceal feelings of inferiority, achieve status
  • Ex. Fancy cars, expensive clothes, etc.
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40
Q

Adler’s Individual Psychology- Birth

A

First-Born Personality

Two traits-
Aggressive
Natural leaders, perfectionists, driven, assertive

Complaint
People pleasers, nurturers, caregivers, reliable, cooperative

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41
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theoretical orientation based on premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

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42
Q

Skinner’s perspectives on personality

A

Response tendencies are constantly being strengthened or weakened by new experiences

People show consistent patterns of behavior because they have response tendencies

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43
Q

Skinner’s perspectives on personality: Personality

A

A collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations

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44
Q

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

A

Personality is shaped through observational learning

Learning can occur indirectly through observation

Therefore, a person’s characteristic pattern is shaped by the models they are exposed to

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45
Q

Walter Mischel’s ideas about personality

A

People make responses they think will lead to reinforcement in the situation at hand

If you believe your job will lead to raises and promotions, you’ll work hard and vice versa

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46
Q

Humanism

A

Theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.

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47
Q

Humanistic Theorists believe people…

A
  1. can rise above their primitive animal heritage
  2. are largely conscious and rational beings who are not dominated by unconscious, irrational conflicts
  3. are not helpless pawns of deterministic forces
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48
Q

Eysenck’s Theory

A

Some people can be conditioned more readily than others because of inherited differences in their physiological functioning

Extraversion-introversion

49
Q

How much does shared family environment impact personality?

A

Little impact 
on personality

50
Q

Social Psychology

A

Scientific study of how people think about and are influenced by other people

51
Q

Person Perception

A

The process of forming impressions of others

52
Q

Stereotypes

A

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

Gender, age, membership in ethnic or occupational groups

Ex. Occupational stereotypes: lawyer of manipulative
Ethic stereotype: Italians are passionate

53
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Occurs when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits then they have actually seen

54
Q

Ingroup

A

Group that one belongs to and identifies with

Viewed in a favorable light

55
Q

Outgroup

A

Group that one does not belong to or identify with

Negative stereotypes

56
Q

Attributions

A

They have a strong need to understand their experiences

Want to make sense out their own behavior, others’ actions, events in their lives

57
Q

Internal attributions

A

Ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, feelings

58
Q

External Attributions

A

Ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints

59
Q

Ex. Internal/External Attributions:

Friend’s business fails, you might attribute it to your friend’s…

A

Lack of business knowledge (Internal)

Negative trends in the economic climate (External)

60
Q

Actor-Observer Bias/Fundamental attribution error

A

Observers’ bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others’ behavior

61
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

The tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factor

62
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard

Saggy pants

63
Q

Asch Line Test

A
  • 5-7 confederates (people that know about the experiment) and 1 participant are given test
  • Real participant answered last

75% conformed at least once

64
Q

Factors that increase conformity

A

Group size
-Larger the group, greater the impact on conformity (up to 7)

Group unanimity
-Conformity decreased if another person deviated from majority view

65
Q

Informational influence

A
  1. Learning
    People are accepted or rejected based on how much conform
  2. Affiliation Motivation
    We have an inherent need to belong
  3. Informational social influence
    Going along with the crowd because you think the crowd knows more than you do
66
Q

Obedience

A

When people follow direct commands

Usually from an authority figure

67
Q

Stanley Milgram’s Research

A

Teacher, Learner, Experimenter

Subject will be assigned as the teacher and deliver shock to learner

How many went to fatal shock?
65% continued to obey to the end

68
Q

What increases obedience?

A
  1. Legitimate authority figure
  2. Proximity of victim
  3. Proximity of authority
69
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

A

1971, Zimbardo randomly assigned Stanford University students to be either “prisoners” or “guards” in a mock prison

Just in a few days, guards became sadistic

Illustrates power of social situations on our behavior

70
Q

Bystander effect

A

Psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do NOT offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present

71
Q

Common stereotypes about psychological disorders

A

“People are crazy”

“People are dangerous” “People are incurable”

72
Q

Medical Model of Abnormality

A

Abnormal behavior is a disease

Diagnosis
Etiology
Prognosis

73
Q

Diagnosis

A

Distinguishing one illness from another

74
Q

Etiology

A

Causation of an illness

75
Q

Prognosis

A

Forecast about the probable course of a disorder

76
Q

Criteria for abnormal behavior

A

Deviance
-Violation of standards

Maladaptiveness
-Harmful dysfunction

Personal distress
-Suffering

77
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

Widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

78
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Chronic, high level of anxiety

“Worry about worrying”

Gradual onset

79
Q

Specific Phobia

A

Persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger

80
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions)

Urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions)

81
Q

Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to experience of a major traumatic event

Some symptoms include:
Nightmares, flashbacks, emotional numbness, sleeplessness

82
Q

Panic disorder

A

Characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly- physical symptoms of anxiety and heart attacks

83
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Which is a fear of going out to public places

84
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity

85
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

Sudden loss of memory for important personal informational that is to extensive to be due to normal forgetting

Like Amnesia but more severe

86
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Involves a disruption of identity marked by experience of two or more largely complete, and usually very different personalities

Multiple Personality Disorder

87
Q

Mood disorders

A
  1. Major Depressive disorder
  2. Dysthymia
  3. Bipolar disorder
88
Q

Dysthymia

A

Persistent mild depression

Less severe, but long-lasting (at least 2 years

89
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Marked by experience of both depressed and manic periods

Highest incidence of suicide

90
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Persistent feelings of sadness & despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure

Anhedonia

Manic episode

91
Q

Anhedonia

A

Diminished ability to experience pleasure

92
Q

Manic episode

A

Excessive pursuit of pleasurable actives, unwarranted optimism, enthusiastic mood

93
Q

Schizophrenic Disorders

A

Marked by disorganized thought and speech, delusions, hallucinations, deterioration of adaptive behavior, extra voices

94
Q

Delusions vs. Hallucinations

A

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms

Delusions

  • Fixed False belief
  • Ex. He was a college athlete

Hallucinations
-Sensory distortion (Auditory, visual, tactile, etc)

95
Q

Positive and Negative Effects of Schizophrenic

A

Positive:
Delusions
Hallucinations

Negative:
Flat/inappropriate affect
Social withdrawal
Inability to initiate activity
Poor grooming
96
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause personal distress or impaired functioning

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

97
Q

Antisocial

A

Personality Disorder

Egocentric, deceitful, manipulative, convinced of their own superiority, impulsive

Don’t care about breaking the rules- having adapted to social norms

98
Q

Borderline

A

Personality Disorder

Instability in social relationships, self-image and emotional functioning

Fear of abandonment, intense mood swings, anger, depression, self-harm

99
Q

Histrionic

A

Personality Disorder

Exaggerated dramatic behavior to attract attention

100
Q

Narcissistic

A

Personality Disorder

Grandiose sense of self-importance, a sense of entitlement, excessive need for attention and admiration

101
Q

Eating Disorder

A

Severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight

Anorexia, Bulimia

102
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight

Restricting type: reduce food intake

Binge eating/ purging type: vomit after meals, exercise and misusing laxatives

103
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Involve habitually engaging in out of control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts

Self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics and excessive exercise

104
Q

Who seeks treatment and for what?

A

15% of population seeks treatment
Variety of reasons
Depression and anxiety most common
More women than men

105
Q

Clinical vs. Psychiatrists vs. Other mental health professionals

A

Clinical- diagnose

Psychiatrists- prescribe medication

106
Q

Insight Therapies

A

Involve verbal interactions intended to enhance client’s self-knowledge, and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior

Psychoanalysis, Client-Centered Therapy, Group Therapy

107
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Least Common

Just talking

Plan is analyzed after time has passed

108
Q

Client-Centered

A

All about the client

Seen on television with therapist and client laying in chair

109
Q

Group Therapy

A

Like Alcoholics Anonymous

Simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group- acceptance and emotional support

110
Q

Behavior Therapies

A

Involve the application of the principles of learning and conditioning to direct efforts to change client’s maladaptive behaviors

Behavior is a product of learning

It is assumed that what has been learned can be unlearned

111
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Unwanted behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus

112
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

Behavior therapy used to reduce client’s phobic responses

Anxiety learned responses are acquired thought classical conditioning

Ex. Harmless stimulus is paired with fear arousing stimulus so it becomes condition to anxiety (weaken the accusation between condition stimulus and condition response)

113
Q

Steps of Systematic Desensitization

A

Therapist helps the client build an anxiety hierarchy

Involves training the client in deep muscles relaxation

Client tries to work through the hierarchy, learning to remain relaxed while imagining each stimulus

114
Q

What does cognitive therapy focus on?

A

Uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders

Originally to treat depression- recently many types of disorders

Goal is to change client’s negative thoughts

115
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

Use verbal interventions and behavior techniques to change patterns to thinking

Cogitative component:

  • Identify thought patterns- errors
  • Theory of cognitive distortions: people focus on insignificant negative events rather than positive

Behavioral Component:

  • Thoughts influence feelings and behaviors
  • If we can change thought patterns, we can feel and act better
116
Q

Biomedical Therapies

A

Physilogical interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders

117
Q

Drugs for Biomedical Therapies

A

Antianxiety drugs

Antipsychotic drugs

Anti Depressant

Mood stabilizers

Electro compulsive therapy

Stimulants

118
Q

Why do we make snap judgement?

A

Organize world around us

Guide out actions

Influence our relationships

119
Q

Free tools snap judgements

A
  1. Physical Appearance (Beauty is good)
  2. Non-verbal signs (body language)
  3. Environment
  4. Familiarity
  5. Overt behaviors

PSY 205 Exam 3 (1 decks)

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