Exam 3

Question 1

Highly structured studies of cause and effect applied to determine the effectiveness of an intervention.

Answer 1

experimental designs

Question 2

a subgroup of the sample of an experimental study from which the intervention is withheld.

Answer 2

control group

Question 3

studies of cause and effect similar to experimental designs but using convenience samples or existing groups to test interventions.

Answer 3

quasi-experimental designs

Question 4

a subgroup of the sample of a quasi-experimental design from which the intervention is withheld. Subjects are similar to and COMPARED with the experimental group, but they are not randomly assigned.

Answer 4

comparison group

Question 5

the strongest type of quasi-experimental design in which subject responses in two or more groups are measured before and after an intervention.

Answer 5

nonequivalent comparison group before/after design

Question 6

a type of quasi-experimental design in which data are collected after the intervention is introduced. lack of baseline data may introduce extraneous variables in the results.

Answer 6

nonequivalent comparison group post-test only

Question 7

an intact-group design that relies on observation of the relationships between naturally occurring differences in the intervention and the outcome.

Answer 7

ex post facto research

Question 8

a intact-group design that involves categorization of subjects into groups. an outcome of interest is measured and differences are attributed to the differences in classification of subjects.

Answer 8

casual-comparative

Question 9

an intact group designs that involves observation of subjects who exhibit a characteristic matched with subjects who do not. differences between the subjects allow study of relationships between risk and disease without subjecting healthy individuals to illness.

Answer 9

case-control study

Question 10

a type of quasi-experimental design in which only one group receives the intervention; an outcome is measured repeatedly overtime.

Answer 10

time-series design

Question 11

most design decisions are made before the research begins

Answer 11

priori design (quantitative studies)

Question 12

statistical tests that are appropriate for data that are normally distributed (that is, fall in a bell curve).

Answer 12

PARAMETRIC TESTS

Question 13

statistical tests that make no assumptions about the distribution of the data.

Answer 13

nonparametric tests

Question 14

statistical tests that are able to yield reliable results even if their underlying assumptions are violated.

Answer 14

robust tests

Question 15

analysis of a single variable in descriptive statistics or a single dependent variable in inferential analysis

Answer 15

univariate analysis

Question 16

analysis of two variables at a time, as in correlation studies

Answer 16

bivariate analysis

Question 17

analysis of the effects of an independent variable on two or more dependent variables simultaneously

Answer 17

multivariate analysis

Question 18

statistical tests to determine if results found in a sample are representative of a larger population

Answer 18

inferential analysis

Question 19

the error that arises from the sampling procedure; it is directly affected by variability and indirectly affected by sample size

Answer 19

standard error

Question 20

a statistic derived from a sample that is used to represent a population parameter

Answer 20

point estimate

Question 21

a range of values that includes, with a specified level of confidence, the actual population parameter

Answer 21

confidence interval

Question 22

the size of the differences between experimental group and control groups compared to variability; an indication of the clinical importance of a finding

Answer 22

effect size