Exam 3 Flashcards
Cognition
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Concept
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, people, and ideas
Prototype
Mental images of the best example of a category - boy band
Heuristic
Simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and efficiently solve problems
Algorithm
Methodical step by step process that guarantees the solving of a particular problem
Insight
Sudden realization of a problem’s solution
Confirmation Bias
Search for evidence that will confirm information; disregarding contradictory evidence
Mental Set
Using a mindset or procedure or method that has worked in the past
Intuition
Quick acting automatic source of ideas we use instead of careful reasoning
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Overconfidence
Tendency to be more confident that correct; overestimate accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
Belief Perseverence
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed is discredited
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect devisions and judgements
Creativity
Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Convergent Thinking
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Divergent Thinking
Expands the number of possible problem solutions (Creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
Language
Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme
In language the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
In language the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of word - prefix/suffix
Grammar
System of rules that enable communication
Syntax
set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
Semantics
Set of rules for deriving meaning from sound
Babbling Stage
Beginning at about 4 months, stage of speech development when infant utters sounds unrelated to the household language
One-word stage
stage in speech development where the child speaks mostly single words (Age 1 or 2)
Two-word stage
Age 2 - child speaks in mostly two word statements
Telegraphic Speech
Early speech stage which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs
Aphasia
Impairment of language due to left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (Impair speaking) or Wernicke’s area (Impair understanding)
Broca’s area
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe usually left hemisphere that directs muscle movements
Wernicke’s area
Controls language reception - brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; left temporal lobe
Linguistic determinism
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way that we think
Intelligence
a mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
General Intelligence
general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and therefore is measured by every task on an intelligence test
Savant Syndrome
Condition where person with limited mental ability has one extreme skill/talent (exceptional drawing)
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Aptitude Test
Test designed to predict a person’s future performance
Aptitude
Capacity to learn
Achievement Test
Test designed to assess what a person has learned
Mental Age
Measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; Chronological age that typically corresponds with a given level of performance
Stanford - Binet
The widely used American revision
