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SOCY 320 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Quantification analysis?

A

Some data is inherently numerical (eg age, number of children) other ddata can be numerically coded to be used in quantitative analyses (race, sex, political affiliation)

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2
Q

In relation to Quantification of Data, what are two ways to develop code categories?

A
  1. Use well developed coding scheme

2. Generate codes from your data

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3
Q

You should always provide the reader with the _______ degree of detail balanced with presenting data in a ______ form

A

Fullest, managerable

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4
Q

What is a codebook?

A

The document used in data processing and analysis that tells the location of different data items in a data file

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5
Q

The codebook also ______ the locations of data items and the meaing of the codes used

A

Identifies

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6
Q

What are the two purposes of the codebook>

A

Primary guide in the coding process (data entry)

Guide for locating cariables (during analysis)

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7
Q

What is a univariate analysis?

A

The analysis of a single variable for purposes of description

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8
Q

In relation to univariate analysis, what is a continuous variable?

A

A variablewhose attributes form a steady progression such as age or income

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9
Q

In relation to univariate analysis, what is a discrete variable?

A

A variable whose attributes are seperate from one another such as gender or political afiliation

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10
Q

In relation to univariate analysis, what are Frequency Distributions?

A

A description of the number of times the various attributes of a variable are observed in a sample

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11
Q

In relation to Univariate analysis what is a central tendency?

A

Average- an ambigious term generally suggesting typical or normal

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12
Q

What is an example of a central tendency?

A

Mean median or mode

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13
Q

What is the definition of Mean?

A

An average computed by summing the values of several observations. Interval or ratio variables

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14
Q

What is the definition of the mode?

A

An average representing the most frequently observed value or attribute

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15
Q

What is the definition of Median?

A

An average representing the value of the middle case in a rank ordered set of observations.

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16
Q

What is the definition of Dispersion?

A

The distribution of values around some central value such as the mean, median or mode

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17
Q

What is Standard deviation?

A

A measure of dispersion around the mean calculated so that approximately 68 percent of the cases will lie within plus or minus one standard deviation from the mean. 95 percent within 2, 99.9 percent within three

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18
Q

In relation to Dispersion and standard deviation the curve for a small standard deviation id A) (Large/skinny)? and for a large standard deviation B) (Large/ Skinny)

A

A. Skinny

B. Large

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19
Q

What are subgroup compariasons?

A

Descriptions of subsets of cases subjects or respondents

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20
Q

What is a bivariate analysis?

A

The analysis of two variables simyltaneously, for the purpose of determining or explainign the empirical relationship between them

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21
Q

In relation to a bivariate analysis what are the two main principles to consider when constructing a Bivariate Table?

A
  1. determine the logical direction of relationship (IV DV)

2. Percentaging a table

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22
Q

How do you know whether to percentage down or percentage across?

A

That depends on te location of the IV in the table

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23
Q

What is a contingency table?

A

A format for presenting thre relationship among variables as percentage distributions

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24
Q

What are the 5 guidelines for presentation of tables in a Bivariate Analysis?

A
  1. A table should have a heading or title that describes what is contined in the table
  2. original cotent should be clearly presented
  3. the attributes of each variable should be clearly indicated
  4. The base on which percentage are computed should be indicated
  5. issing data should be indicated in the table
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25
Q

What is a multivariate analysis?

A

The analysis of the simultaneous relationships among several variables (explanatory)

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26
Q

Which of the following describes the analysis of more than two
variables?

A. experimental designs
B. quasi-experimental designs
C. qualitative evaluations
D. multivariate analysis

A

D.

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27
Q 
. The process of converting data to numerical format is called
\_\_\_\_\_.
A. feminist research
B. qualification
C. quantification
A

C.

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28
Q

Which of the following are basic approaches to the coding
process?

A. You can begin with a well developed coding scheme.
B. You can generate codes from your data.
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

A

C. The following are basic approaches to the coding process: you can
begin with a well developing coding scheme and/or you can generate
codes from your data.

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29
Q

A _____ is a document that describes the locations of variables
and lists the assignments of codes to the attributes composing those
variables.

A. cross-case analysis
B. codebook
C. constant comparative method
D. monitoring study

A

B. A codebook is a document that describes the locations of variables
and lists the assignments of codes to the attributes composing those
variables.

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30
Q

The _____ is an “average” computed by summing the values of
several observations and divided by the number of observations.

A. frequency
B. mean
C. median
D. mode

A

B.

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31
Q
  1. Which of the following are aimed at explanation?

A. multivariate analysis
B. bivariate analysis
C. univariate analysis
D. both A and B

A

D. Multivariate analysis and bivariate analysis are aimed at explanation.

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32
Q

What is the defiition of Qualitative analysis?

A

The nonnumerical examination and interpertation of observations .

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33
Q

What is the purpose of Qualitative analysis?

A

Discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships.

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34
Q

Wat is a cross-case analysis?

A

An examination of more than one case;can be either variable or case oriented

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35
Q

What is variable oriented analysis?

A

Describes/ and or explains one or more variabels

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36
Q

What is a case- oriented analysis?

A

Aims to udnerstand a particular case or several cases by looking closely at the details of each

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37
Q

Grounded theory method is an ______ approach to research

A

Inductive

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38
Q

Who were the main controbutors to grounded theory method?

A

Barry glaser and Anselem strauss

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39
Q

In grounded theory method how are theories generated?

A

from examination of data rather than being derived deductively

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40
Q

________ ________ Method is a component of Grounded theory method?

A

Constant comparative

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41
Q

In constant comparative method observations are….?

A

Constantly compared with one another and with the evolving inductive theory

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42
Q

What is Semiotics?

A

The study of signs and the meanings associated with them

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43
Q

What is Conversation analysis?

A

A meticulous analysis of the details of conversation, based on a complete transcript that includes pauses hems and haws

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44
Q

What is Open coding?

A

The initial classification and labeling of concepts

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45
Q

1.What is axial coding? 2, What is it aimed at?

A
  1. A reanalysis of the results of open coding in the GTM

2. Identifying important and general concepts

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46
Q

In grounded theory method what is selective coding?

A

Coding that builds on the results of open and axial coding to organize a central concept in which all other concepts fit in to.

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47
Q

What is the purpose of Memoing?

A

describe and deine concepts, deal with methological issues,or offer intial theoretical formulations.

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48
Q

What is concept mapping?

A

The graphic display of concepts and their interelations

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49
Q

What are Descriptive statistics?

A

Statistical computations describing either the charecteristics of a sample or relationship among variables in a sample

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50
Q

Descriptive statistics _______ a set of sample observations.

A

summarize

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51
Q

What is (PRE) Proportiantite reduction of error?

A
  1. Knowing about one variable often tlls us something about other variables

sometimes it tells us a lot sometimes it tells us us relatively little

the more it tells us the greater the error is reduced

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52
Q

What is an example of PRE?

A

If we know how much education someone has we can imporve our ability to estimate how much they earn

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53
Q

What is a Regression Analysis?

A

Relationships among variables are represented in the form of an equation called a regression equation

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54
Q

What is a Linear Regression Analysis?

A

Stat analysis that seeks the equation for the straight line that best describes the relationship between two ratio variables .

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55
Q

What is a Multiple Regression Analysis?

A

equation representing the impact of two or more independent variables on a single dependent variable.

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56
Q

What is Partial Regression analysis?

A

effects of one or more variables are held constant

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57
Q

What is a Curvilinear Regression Analysis?

A

Allows relationship among variables to be expressed with curved geometric lines instead of straight ones

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58
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

making inferences from findings based on simple observations to some larger population.

59
Q

What is a Nonsampling Error?

A

The errors of data quality that are not a result of samping error, like miscoding

60
Q

What is Statistical signifigance?

A

A general term referring to the likelihood that relationships observed in a sample could be attributed to sampling error alone. represented as P

61
Q

What is a Test of Statistical Signifigance?

A

Stat computations that indicate the likelihood that the relationship observed between variables in a sample can be attributed to sampling error only

62
Q

What is the the Level of Signifigance?

A

The degree of likelihood that an observed emprirical relationship could be attributed to sampling error

63
Q

What at what level is a relationship considered signifigant?

A

0.5

64
Q

What is a path analysis?

A

Form of multivariate analysis, in which the causual relationships among variables are presented in a grapic format

65
Q

What is a time-series analysis?

A

an analysis of changes in a variable over time

66
Q

What is a factor analysis?

A

A complex algebraic method for determining the general dimensions of factors that exsist within a set of concrete observations

67
Q

What is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

A

MOA (Method of analysis) in which cases under study are combined into groups representing an IV and the extent to which the groups differe from one another is analyzed in terms of some dependent variable

68
Q

What is a discriminant analysis?

A

MOA similar to multiple regression, except that the dependent variable can be nominal.

69
Q

What are Log Linear models?

A

Data analysis technique based on specifying models that describe the interrelationships among variables and then comparing expected and observed table cell frequencies.

70
Q

What is Odds Ratio?

A

Stat technique for expressing the relationship between variables by comparing the odds of different occurances

71
Q

What is GIS (Geographic Information System)?

A

Analytic technique in which researchers map quantitative data that describe geographic units for a graphic display.

72
Q

In relation to writing research what is an abstract?

A

A summary of the research article. Staes purpose of the research

73
Q

In relation to writing research what is a research monograph?

A

A book length research report either published or unpublished.

74
Q

In relation to writing research, what is plagirism?

A

Presenting someone elses work as your own

75
Q

What is a URL?

A

Web address, typically beginning with http: Stands for Uniform resource locator.

76
Q

What is an example of a qualitative analysis

A

semiotics, grounded theory method, constant comparative method,

77
Q

In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Frequencies?

A

How often does something occur?

78
Q

In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Magnitudes? (think of the absue example)

A

What are the different levels? How brutal is the abuse

79
Q

In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Structures?

A

What are the different types/ categories?

80
Q

In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Processes?

A

Is there qany ordfer among the elements of strcuture or the categories (for example if the structueres of abuse are physical mental, sexual, does one start off with mental then move to phusical)

81
Q

In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Causes?

A

What are the causes? is it more common in different groups?

82
Q

In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Consequences?

A

If we were studying child abuse, how does it effect the child?

83
Q

What is the constant comparative method used in GTM,?

A

Where one collects data, does not taking, codes, memos and compares different data sets that have followed this process

84
Q

What are the four stages of the constant comparative method?

A
  1. What are the concepts
  2. How are the concepts defined
  3. General outline of theory
  4. writing theory
85
Q

When coding, what is the difference in using pre-exsisting codes, or crating your own?

A

Pre exsisting codes have already been created however, You can create yoir own through GTM by using open axial and selective coding

86
Q

What does coding as a physical act require?

A

Physically coding and reorganizng data.

87
Q

What are code Notes?

A

Identify the codes you are using with specific definitions

88
Q

What are theoretical notes

A

May cover numerous topics, how concepts relate, deeper/underlying meanings, etc. as we try to make sense of our data

89
Q

What are Operational Notes?

A

Specifically for methodological issues

90
Q

In relation to the Fundemental assumptions of conversation analysis, it is believed that “Conversation is a _______ constructed activity”?

A

socially

91
Q

In relation to the Fundemental assumptions of conversation analysis, it is believed that “Conversations must be understood _______”

A

Contextually

92
Q

In relation to the Fundamental assumptions of conversation analysis, it is believed that Conversational analysis aims to understand the _______ and meaning of conversation through excruciatingly accurate _______ of conversations

A

structure, transcripts

93
Q

What are the common elements in a Code book?

A

Abbreviated variable name, numerical label, variable definition, variable attributes

94
Q

What is an example of a univariate analysis?

A

Measuring a variable such as what social class you identify with and the frequency of that.

95
Q

In relation to mean media and mode, if there is a skew to the left, is that positive of negative?

A

Negative

96
Q

In relation to mean, median, and mode if there is a skew to the right is that positive of negative?

A

Positive

97
Q

What is an example of a continuous variable?

A

Age because it increases steadily with time

98
Q

What is an example of a discrete variable?

A

sex or religious affiliation because they are discontinuous and there is no progression or they are op piste from-one another

99
Q

What are the guidelines for balancing the demands of detail vs manageability of data presentation?

A

You should aim to provide the most amount of detail while while balancing it with it bbeing in a manageable form.

100
Q

What are the goals of uni bi and multivariate analysis?

A

Uni- analysis of single variable for the purposes of descripion

Bi- Explaing the comparisons between twovariables

Multi- explanatory of multiple relationships between variables

101
Q

What is an example of subgroup comparisons?

A

Asking a question on should legalizing marijuana be legalized and then also matching that up with their political affiliation (subgroup)

102
Q

What are two techniques for handling “Don’t know’s?”

A

Leave them in or out

103
Q

How are multivariate tables presented?

A

Sex, class, approve, disapprove

104
Q

What is the differece between descriptive and inferential statstocs?

A

Descriptive- describes relationships between vsariables

inferential- once data is collected we use that to make an inference about the society as a whole

105
Q

What is Data Reduction?

A

Summarizing a large amount of data in a way readers can easily understand.

106
Q

What is an example of data reduction?

A

Reduction of data from unmanageable details to manageable summaries

107
Q

In relation to measures of association Nominal Variables would be titled as?

A

Lambda

108
Q

In relation to measures of association Ordinal variables would be titled as?

A

Gamma

109
Q

In relation to measures of association Interval and Ratio variables would be titled as?

A

Pearsons r

110
Q

In relation to to cautions about making inferences,” Sample must be drawn from the_________about which inferences are being made

A

Population

111
Q

In relation to to cautions about making inferences, Inferential statistics assume what 3 things?

A
  1. Simple random samp
  2. sampling with replacement
  3. 100 percent completion rate
112
Q

In relation to to cautions about making inferences “Inferential statistics are addressed to sampling error only not non sampling error” T O F?

A

True

113
Q

We always test against the __________ __________ that there is no relationship between variables?

A

Null Hypothesis

114
Q

In relation to the logic of statisticall sigifigance, what does it assume?

A

Representativeness of sdamples selected through conventional probablity sampling procedures

115
Q

In relation to the logic of statisticall sigifigance if Assumption 1 is true then any difference…?

A

Observed in the actusal sample should reflect actual differences in the population.

116
Q

What are confidence levels?

A

P= 0-1

117
Q

What are confidence intervals?

A

99% 95% etc

118
Q

What is an example of a ime series analysis?

A

crime rates over the years

119
Q

What is an example of factor analysis?

A

Lots of categorical elements that describe thigs like delinquent acts

120
Q

How should you go about reading a journal article?

A
  1. Read the abstract
  2. Skim the artcle, noting section headings and tables and graphs
  3. Read article in its entirety
  4. review the article
121
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing theoretical orientations in research reports?

A

Is there a theoretical perspective? are hypotheses linked to theory?

122
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing Research design in research reports?

A

This covers many of the basics of the resarch process; the goals of the study the units of analysis, the incorporation of time

123
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing Measurement in research reports?

A

What are the concepts and variables of interest? How are they being measured?

124
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing Sampling in research reports?

A

What was the particular sampling strategy employed, can you identify pop, what was the size of the sample

125
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing Analysis in research reports?

A

What is the particular data analsis strategy used by researcher? are they appropriate give data collected

126
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing Reporting in research reports?

A

How does researcher link current study to prior research?

127
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing Experiments in research reports?

A

Outcome of interest and the stimulus used. pretest postest, expiremental control group

128
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing Survey questions in research reports?

A

How were questions worded , were they open or closed ended, what type of survey design

129
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing Field research in research reports?

A

What is link between teory and research, what considerations went into selecing case, what role did researcher play in field work

130
Q

What questions can you ask when assessing Analyzing existing statistics in research reports?

A

What was the source of the data, what were particular questions the original data set was intended to answer

131
Q

In relation to the fuctions of scientific reporting what is Audience?

A

Understand who your audience is and how ou might want to dejargonize or summarize certain findings before to give background knowedlge into your stud so you don’t leave people in the dust

132
Q

In relation to the fuctions of scientific reporting what are the different Forms and Length of Report?

A

research notes, working papers, professional papers, articles, and books.

133
Q

What are research notes?

A

reports, 1 o 5 pages, shuld be consice and direct

134
Q

What are working papers?

A

Constiotutes a tentative presentation with an implicit requewst for comments.

135
Q

What are Proffessional papers?

A

Similar to working papers in the sense you are presenting findings to your colleagues, however, these are usually at proffessional conferences or meetins

136
Q

What are articles?

A

Article published in acedemic journal, most popular research report. 25 pages double spaced

137
Q

What is a book?

A

Most prestegous form of research report.

138
Q

In relation to the fuctions of scientific reporting what are the Aims of the report?

A

Is it explanatory, elporatory, or descriptive?

139
Q

In a research report what is the Purpose and Overview?

A

Provide a brief statement of the purpose of the study and the ma findings

140
Q

In a research report what is the Review of the Literature?

A

Fit your research int the context of existing scientific knowledge

141
Q

In a research report what is the Study design and Execution?

A

Includes population, sampling frame, sampling method, sample size, data collection method, completion rate, and methods of data processing and analysis

142
Q

In a research report what is the Analysis and Interpretation?

A

The presentaion, Manipulation and interpretation of data should be integrated together

143
Q

In a research report what is the Summarry and conclusions?

A

Review significant findings in the contexrt of the larger project and exsistng scientific research, review shortcomings and make suggesting for future research.

SOCY 320 (5 decks)

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