Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Experimental designs
A
Designs involving random assignment to groups and manipulation of the independent variable
2
Q
3 components of a true experimental design
A
randomization
control
manipulation
3
Q
Two group pretest posttest design
A
Subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group and are measured before and after the intervention; classic or true experiment
4
Q
Two group posttest only designs
A
Experimental designs when subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental or control group and measured after the intervention
5
Q
Solomon four group design
A
An experimental design with four groups–some receive the intervention, others serve as controls; some are measured before and after, others are measured only after the intervention
6
Q
Multiple experimental groups design
A
Experimental designs using two or more experimental groups with one control group
7
Q
Factorial design
A
Experimental designs allowing researchers to manipulate more than one intervention
8
Q
Crossover designs
A
experimental designs that use two or more treatments; subjects receive treatments in a random order
9
Q
T or F, all experiments must include a minimum of three groups of subjects?
A
False
10
Q
T or F, the solomon four group design is more effective at controlling for the threat of testing than is the two group pretest-posttest design?
A
True
11
Q
T or F, in a factorial design, only one group of subjects is required because they act as their own control?
A
False
12
Q
T or F, patients who are not in the intervention group must receive the usual standard of care?
A
True
13
Q
Quasi-experimental design
A
Research designs involving the manipulation of the independent variable but lacking either random assignment to groups or a control group
14
Q
Nonequivalent control group pretest-postest design
A
A quasi-experimental design where two groups are measured before and after an intervention
15
Q
Time series design
A
A quasi-experimental design where one group is measured prior to administering the intervention and then multiple times after the intervention
16
Q
One group posttest only design
A
A preexperimental design involving one group and a posttest with little control over extraneous variables
17
Q
Nonequivalent groups posttest only design
A
A preexperimental design involving two groups measured after an intervention with little control for extraneous variables
18
Q
Preexperimental
A
A posttest only design that involves manipulation of the independent variable but lacks control for extraneous variables
19
Q
Experimental designs have control groups. Quasi-experimental designs have which of the following?
A
comparison groups
20
Q
Rank the evidence generated from the following designs from lowest to highest
A
one group posttest only
nonequivalent groups posttest only
nonequivalent control group pretest posttest
experimental designs
21
Q
Nonexperimental designs
A
research designs that lack manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment
22
Q
Descriptive designs
A
designs that provide a picture of a situation as it is naturally happening without manipulation of any of the variables
23
Q
Exploratory designs
A
nonexperimental design type used when little is known about a phenomenon
24
Q
Comparative designs
A
descriptive design type that compares two or more groups or variables
25
Survey designs
descriptive design type involving data obtained through subjects' self report
26
Correlational designs
nonexperimental designs used to study relationships among two or more variables
27
covary
when change in one variable is associated with change in another variable
28
descriptive correlational designs
correlational design type used to explain the relationship among the variables or groups using a nondirectional hypothesis
29
Predictive correlational design
correlational design when researchers hypothesize which variables are predictors or outcomes
30
Model testing
correlational design to test a hypothesized theoretical model; causal modeling or path analysis
31
T or F, in nonexperimental designs, researchers manipulate the IV to determine cause and effect relationships
False
32
T or F, nonexperimental deigns can be used to develop and test theories?
True
33
T or F, the purposes of nonexperimental designs are to describe, explain, and predict relationships?
True
34
T or F, descriptive data are usually cross-sectional and can be collected through surveys and questionnaires?
True
35
T or F, researchers use correlations to determine if there are differences between two groups?
False
36
Translational research
research for the purpose of linking research findings to the point of care
37
Community based participatory action research
Active involvement of community members throughout the research process
38
Health services research
research involving phenomena, such as cost, political factors, and culture, related to the delivery of health care
39
A researcher is conducting a study to determine whether a radio advertisement about the importance of early detection for colorectal cancer increases the attendance of middle-aged men at a free screening. Which type of research is this an example of?
health services research
| translational research
40
Hypothesis testing
collections of objectively measurable data that are gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis; empirical testing; a test for construct validity
41
Convergent testing
a test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument known to be valid; scores of the two instruments are compared, and strong, positive correlations indicate good validity
42
Divergent testing
Test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument measuring the opposite of the concept; scores of the two instruments are compared, and strong, negative correlations indicate good validity
43
statistics
the numerical outcomes and probabilities derived from calculations on raw data
44
descriptive statistics
collection and presentation of data that explain characteristics of variables found in the sample
45
inferential statistics
analysis of data as the basis for prediction related to the phenomenon of interest
46
population parameters
characteristics of a population that are inferred from characteristics of a sample
47
sample statistics
numerical data describing characteristics of the sample
48
univariate analysis
the use of statistical tests to provide information about one variable
49
To describe the frequency of the single variable myocardial infarction in adults ages 30-49, which of the following could be used?
descriptive statistics
| univariate analysis
50
bivariate analysis
the use of statistics to describe the relationship between two variables
51
multivariate analysis
the use of statistics to describe the relationships a ong three or more variables
52
percentage distributions
descriptive statistics used to group data to make results more comprehensible; calculated by dividing the frequency of an event by the total number of events
53
T or F, frequency distributions are an effective way to present inferential statistics?
False
54
T or F, categories in grouped data must be mutually exclusive?
True
55
T or F, percentages are often used to describe characteristics of samples
True
56
T or F, the total number of subjects in a sample is represented by the symbol n?
False
57
Measures of central tendency
measures that provide information about the typical case found in the data
58
mode
the most frequently occurring value in a data set
59
modality
the number of modes found in a data distribution
60
amodal
a data set that does not have a mode
61
unimodal
a data set with one mode, such as a normal distribution
62
bimodal
a data set with two modes
63
median
the point at the center of a data set
64
position of the median
calculated by using the formula (n+1)/2, where n is the number of data values in the set
65
mean
the mathematical average calculated by adding all values and then dividing by the total number of values
66
The most frequent data value in a set of date is the
mode
67
When data have no outliers, researchers prefer to report the
mean
68
normal distribution
data representation with a distinctive bell-shaped curve, symmetric about the mean
69
skewed
an asymmetrical distribution of data
70
negatively skewed
a distribution when the mean is less than the median and the mode; the longer tail is pointing to the left
71
positively skewed
distribution when the mean is greater than the median and the mode; the longer tail is pointing to the right
72
kurtosis
the peakedness or flatness of a distribution of data
73
T or F, if the tail of a distribution is skewed to the left, the data are negatively skewed?
True
74
T or F, in a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same value?
True
75
T or F, if data are highly uniform, a low peak will be observed in a graphic representation of the data?
False
76
Measures of variability
measures providing information about differences among data within a set; measures of dispersion
77
homogenous
elements that share many common characteristics
78
heterogenous
the degree to which elements are diverse or not alike
79
range
the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set
80
semiquartile range
the range of the middle 50% of the data set
81
percentile
a measure of rank representing the percentage of cases that a given value exceeds
82
standard deviation
a measure of variability used to determine the number of data values falling within a specific interval in a normal distribution
83
z scores
standardized units used to compare data gathered using different measurement scales
84
coefficient of variation
a percentage used to compare standard deviations when the units of measure are different or when the means of the distributions being compared are far apart
85
tailedness
the degree to which a tail in a distribution is pulled to the left or to the right
86
Rule of 68-95-99.7
rule stating that for every sample 68% of the data will fall within one standard deviation of the mean; 95% will fall within two standard deviations; 99.7% of the data will fall within three standard deviations
87
Correlation coefficients
an estimate, ranging from 0 to 1, that indicates the reliability of an instrument; statistic used to describe the relationship among two variables
88
direction
the way two variables covary
89
magnitude
the strength of the relationship existing between two variables
90
confidence intervals
ranges established around means that estimate the probability of being correct
91
probability
likelihood or chance that an event will occur in a situation
92
sampling error
error resulting when elements in the sample do not adequately represent the population
93
Inferential statistically tests are used to:
- make assumptions about the population
- test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups
- determine whether results occurred by chance
94
statistically significant
when critical values fall in the tails of normal distributions; when findings did not happen by chance alone
95
nonsignificant
when results of the study could have occurred by chance; findings that support the null hypothesis
96
type 1 error
when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted
97
type 2 error
when the researcher inaccurately concludes that there is no relationship among the independent and dependent variables when an actual relationship does exist; when the researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted
98
alpha level
probability of making a type 1 error; typically designated as .05 or .01 at the end of the tail in a distribution
99
When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it really should have been rejected, the researcher:
- committed a type 2 error
| - obtained nonsignifiacnt results
100
The most commonly used alpha level in nursing research is
.05
101
parametric
inferential statistical tests involving interval or ratio level data to make inferences about the population
102
nonparametric
inferential statistics involving nominal or ordinal level data to make inferences about the population
103
degrees of freedom
a statistical concept used to refer to the number of sample values that are free to vary; n-1
104
sampling distribution
a theoretical distribution representing an infinite number of samples that can be drawn from a population
105
chi square
a common statistic used to analyze nominal and ordinal data to find differences between groups
106
t statistic
inferential statistical test to determine whether a statistically significant difference between groups exists
107
correlated t test
a variation of the t test used when there is only one group or when groups are related; paired t test
108
independent t test
a variation of the t test used when data values vary independently from one another
109
analysis of variance
inferential statistical test used when the level of measurement is interval or ratio and more than two groups are being compared
110
Pearson's r
an inferential statistic used when two variables are measured at the interval or ratio level; pearson's product-- moment correlation
111
multiple regression
inferential statistical test that describes the relationship of three or more variables
112
T or F, nurses should determine that researchers are using the correct statistical tests to analyze data?
True
113
T or F, data contained in tables are an important source of evidence for practice?
True
114
T or F, all statistically significant findings have clinical significance
False
115
T or F, reading the table after the test is a helpful strategy that can improve comprehension of ideas
True
116
adoption
applying an innovation to practice
117
rejection
decision not to adopt an innovation
118
which of the following strategies reduce uncertainty during decision making?
- pilot testing
- reviewing samples
- listening to the opinions of peers
119
uncertainty
degree to which alternatives are perceived relative to the occurrence of an event and the probability of these alternatives
120
pilot
a small study to test a new intervention with a small number of subjects before testing with larger samples; adopting an innovation on a trial basis
121
active rejection
purposefully deciding not to adopt an innovation
122
passive rejection
lack of consideration given to adopting an innovation; hence, old practices are continued
123
meta-analyses
scholarly papers that combine results of studies, both published and unpublished, into a measurable format and statistically estimate effects of proposed interventions
124
randomized controlled trials
experimental studies that typically involve large samples and are conducted in multiple sites
125
cohort studies
quasi-experimental studies using two or more groups; epidemiological designs in which subjects are selected based on their exposure to a determinant
126
case control studies
a type of retrospective study in which researchers begin with a group of people who already had the disease; studies that compare two groups: those who have a specific condition and those who do not have the condition
127
descriptive studies
nonexperimental studies used to provide information about a phenomenon
128
evidence hierarchies
predetermined scales that guide decisions for ranking evidence; levels of evidence
129
levels of evidence
predetermined scales that guide decisions for ranking evidence; evidence hierarchies
130
systematic reviews
rigorous and systematic syntheses of research findings about clinical problems
131
GRADE
grades of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation; international, universal system for evaluating evidence
132
clinical practice guidelines
recommendations based on evidence that serve as useful tools to direct clinical practice
133
Which of the following would be considered when appraising quantitative studies?
- representative of the sample
- sample size
- control over extraneous variables
134
Which of the following would be considered when appraising qualitative studies?
- audit trail
- thick description
- participants are experience in the phenomenon
135
Place the following kinds of evidence in order from highest to lowest
- meta analyses
- RCTs
- cohort studies
- case studies
- expert opinions
136
AGREE II
appraisal of guidelines research and evaluation; internationally developed instrument to evaluate clinical practice guidelines
137
T or F, patient care must follow clinical guidelines exactly?
False
138
T or F, a panel of experts synthesizes evidence to make recommendations for clinical guidelines?
True
139
T or F, nurses should evaluate clinical guidelines because they may be biased?
True
140
T or F, decisions about clinical practice are based solely on evidence?
False
141
T or F, if a conflict exists between evidence and facility policy, the nurse should implement procedures based on evidence?
False
142
dissemination
communication of clinical research and theoretical findings to transition new knowledge to the point of care
143
New knowledge is effectively disseminated through:
- papers
- posters
- presentations
144
Dissemination is important for which of the following reasons?
new knowledge is transmitted to patient care
145
Dissemination is an important phase in
the cycle of scientific development
146
posters
a scholarly venue for disseminating evidence
147
networking
interacting with colleagues to exchange information and build relationships
148
call for abstracts
notices publicizing the desire for posters or presentations at conferences
149
presentations
scholarly oral presentations to disseminate new knowledge
150
papers
manuscripts published in professional journals
151
authorship
list of authors in an order that reflects the amount of their contributions
152
manuscript
a scholarly paper prior to its publication
153
When making a poster, which of the following should you do?
use color to emphasize important points
154
Which of the following are strategies that are helpful when beginning to write a paper?
- collaborating with others
- selecting a journal for submission
- adapting a poster presentation
155
When delivering oral presentations, presenters should do which of the following?
- respect time constraints
| - remain to the end of the paper session to network
