Exam 3 Flashcards
What is the definition of spondylosis?
A vertebral condition that is acquired or age related.
What is the definition of spondylolysis?
A vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage.
What are some of the causes of spondylolysis?
Congenital, acquired during development, the result of aging, or the result of trauma
What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal II?
A separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect)
Name some characteristics of cervical spondylolysis:
More frequent in men, most common at C6 level, typically congenital
Name some characteristics of lumbar spondylolysis:
Not congenital and rare under age 5, typically affect men at L5/S1, typically affect women at L4/L5
What is the appearance of the lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
A Scotty dog
What is the appearance of a pars defect in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
A collared Scotty dog
In an oblique x-ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the Scotty dog?
The neck of the Scotty dog
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a Scotty dog?
The pedicle
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a Scotty dog?
The superior articular process
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a Scotty dog?
The transverse process
What population has been found to have incidence of Sacral Spondylolysis (particularly of S1)?
Alaskan Inuits (young men)
What x-ray view is necessary to view the intervertebral foramen of a cervical?
An oblique view
What x-ray view is necessary to view the intervertebral foramen of a thoracic?
Lateral
What x-ray view is necessary to view the intervertebral foramen of a lumbar?
Lateral
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
A vertebral slippage
What vertebral condition results in spondylolisthesis?
Bilateral spondylolysis
While spondylolisthesis is typically anterior, what is it called when it is in the posterior direction?
Retrospondylolisthesis
List some characteristics of Type I spondylolisthesis (congenital)?
associated with spinal bifida; L5 but compresses S1 nerve
List some characteristics of Type II Spondylolisthesis (isthmic):
Bilateral, L5/S1, men & women who have had greater than 3 kids, increase in sagittal diameter (asymptomatic)
List some characteristics of type III spondylolisthesis (degenerative):
Known as degenerative, typically affects women and is at the L4/L5 level, no increase in sagittal diameter
List some characteristics of type IV spondylolisthesis (traumatic):
Rare, involves fracture of neural arch
List some characteristics of type V spondylolisthesis (pathological):
Associated with Paget’s/Osteogenesis imperfecta
What arteries are associated with Vertebrae C1-C6?
Ascending cervical artery, vertebral artery
What artery is associated with Vertebrae C7, T1?
Deep cervical artery
What artery is associated with T1, T2?
Superior intercostal artery
What artery is associated with Vertebrae T3-T11?
Posterior intercostal artery
What artery is associated with Vertebra T12?
Sub costal artery
What artery is associated with Vertebrae L1-L4?
Lumbar artery
What artery is associated with Vertebra L5?
Iliolumbar artery
What arteries are associated with Vertebrae L5-Co1?
Lateral sacral artery, middle sacral artery
What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?
it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
What is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?
they appear to LACK VALVES which may contribute to the SPREAD OF MALIGNANT CELLS
What is one unique thing about facial muscles?
They do not connect two bones together (bony attachments are missing as is the case of the PROCERUS, RISORIUS, and ORBICULARIS ORIS MUSCLES
What is the most distal part of the external occipital protruberance?
The INION
What is the Ligamentum Flavum?
THE (yellow) elastic ligament
What is the annulus fibrosis derived from?
the dense sclerotomite
What is the first location of the IVD?
The intrasclerotomal fissure of Von Ebner
Name a unique feature of CN IV (Trochlear):
It is the only cranial nerve to have an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain
Name a unique feature of CN IV (Trochlear):
It is the only cranial nerve to decks sate within the cranial vault from the apparent origin
How large is the Atlanto-Dental interspace:
2-3 mm in adults and 4.5 mm in children
What is the innervation of the ciliaris and sphincter pupillae muscles compared to the dilator pupillae muscle?
The ciliaris and sphincter papillae muscles are innervated by PARASYMPATHETIC fibers of the occulomotor nerve whereas the dilator pupillae muscle is innervated by SYMPATHETIC fibers from the internal carotid plexus
What happens to the uncinate processes as we age?
They HYPERTROPHY
What is the average height of the thoracic intervertebral foramen?
13 mm
What is the average height of the lumber intervertebral foramen?
17 mm
What are the average dimensions of the cervical intervertebral foramen?
About 10mm high and 5 mm anterior to posterior
What condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve?
The FAR OUT SYNDROME
What activities are associated with sacral spondylolysis?
KAYAKING and HARPOONING
What will the intervertebral veins drain into?
The external vertebral venous plexus or BATSON’S PLEXUS
Which venous vessels of the vertebra will drain into the segmental veins?
BATSON’S PLEXUS (or the external vertebral venous plexus)
What types of connective tissue will be present in the intervertebral foramen and what is their function?
ADIPOSE tissue and LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE both PROTECT NERVES
What forms the Joint of Luschka and where is it found?
The LATERAL GROOVES and the UNCINATE PROCESSES extend from underside of C2-top of C3 to C6/7 and offer PROTECTION from HERNIATED DISC
What happens to cervical nerve roots between their origin from the spinal cord and exit from the intervertebral foramen?
They DESCEND up to 8mm in the SUBARACHNIOD SPACE and then ascend to exit in the INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN