Exam 3 Flashcards
comstock laws
1870; outlawed sending information about contraception and contraceptive devices, or any other thing related to sexuality such as pornography through the mail
outercourse
sexual stimulation that excludes penile penetration
griswold vs. connecticut
1965; supreme court decreed states cannot prohibit married couples from using contraception
roe vs. wade
1973; legalized abortion for any reason during the first trimester
backup method
using two forms of BC, or emergency contraceptive
ACHES
mnemonic for side effects of the pill (Abdominal pain, Chest pain, Headaches, Eye problems, Swelling and/or aching in the legs and thighs)
male condom
definition: best protection from STIs (behind abstinence), common among teens and young adults
effectiveness: 98% perfect, 83% typical
significant side effects: n/a
female condom
definition: less STI protection than male condom
effectiveness: 95% perfect, 73% typical
significant side effects: n/a
patch
definition: wear a new patch each week for three weeks, no patch one week
effectiveness: 99.7% perfect, 92% typical
significant side effects:
emergency contraception
definition: plan B, must be taken within 72 hrs of intercourse
effectiveness: 80% reduced risk of pregnancy
significant side effects: nausea, dizziness
withdrawal
definition: pulling out, not a valid method of BC due to pre-ejaculatory fluid and short time lag
effectiveness: not really effective
significant side effects: n/a
vasovasostomy
surgical reversal of vasectomy; successful about 50% of time
diaphragm
definition: leave in place for 6 hrs after intercourse, no more than 24 hours total, available by Rx, no STI protection
effectiveness: 94% perfect, 84% typical
significant side effects: n/a
sponge/cervical cap
definition: blocks sperm from traveling to uterus, no STI protection
effectiveness: no effective if you haven’t given birth (91% perfect, 84% typical) compared to having given birth (77% perfect, 68% typical)
significant side effects:
vaginal ring
definition: wear inside vagina for three weeks then remove for one
effectiveness: 98% perfect use
significant side effects: vaginal irritation, may fall out
IUD - copper vs. hormonal
definition: intrauterine device, not STI protection
effectiveness: 99.9% perfect and typical use
significant side effects: cramps, bleeding, uterine perforation
contraceptive implant
definition:
effectiveness:
significant side effects:
tubal sterilization
definition: cut made in fallopian tubes
effectiveness: nearly 100%
significant side effects: severe gas, pain, risks of significant bleeding, infection, anesthesia reaction
spermicide
definition: leave in 6-8 hours after intercourse, stops sperm from moving, no STI protection
effectiveness: 82% perfect, 71% typical
significant side effects:
birth control pills
definition:
effectiveness: 99.7% perfect, 91.3% typical
significant side effects: breakthrough bleeding
injection
definition: matchstick sized, placed under skin, effective for 5 years
effectiveness: 99.95% perfect, 99% typical
significant side effects: acne, weight gain, ovarian cysts, mood changes
fertility awareness
definition: tracking ovulation
effectiveness: 98% perfect use when tracking calendar, temperature signs of ovulation, and cervical mucus, 75% typical
significant side effects: n/a
vasectomy
definition: male sterilization, vas deferens are cut through small incision in scrotal sac, blocking passage of sperm
effectiveness: nearly 100%
significant side effects: few side effects, doesn’t reduce sex drive
transcervical sterilization
definition: coils inserted into fallopian tubes, causing tissue growth
effectiveness: nearly 100%
significant side effects: gas, pain, bleeding, infection, etc.
Characteristics of women seeking abortions
.
Hyde Amendment
1977; prohibited federal medicaid funds from being used to pay for abortion except to protect life of mother or cases of rape/incest; REAFFIRMED by Obama in 2010
Changes in abortion rates/availability of abortion services
abortion rates have declined since 1995; availability has been decreasing
medical abortion
definition: performed in first 7 weeks of pregnancy; women takes pill to block production of progesterone; takes another pill 2 days later and that expels the embryo
uses:
prevalence: accounts for 23% of nonhospital abortions
side effects:
suction curettage
definition: performed 7-13 weeks; cervis opened with dilators and fetus/placenta/etc are removed by a vacuum
uses:
prevalence: most commonly used abortion procedure
side effects: infection, hemorrhage, uterine perforation
dilation and evacuation
definition: performed 13-21 weeks (2nd trimester), cervix is dilated and fetus/associated tissue are removed with suction, forceps, and scraping
uses:
prevalence:
side effects: pain, bleeding, cervical trauma
intact dilation and evacuation
definition: late term abortion, cervix dilated fetus crushed and removed feet first
uses:
prevalence: .2% of abortion
side effects:
psychological effects of abortion
most women DO NOT experience significant negative emotional reactions, less likely to experience significant emotional distress if abortion is performed earlier in pregnancy and then receive support
physiological causes of sexual dysfunction
- older age
- certain medications (anti-histamines, pain relievers, SSRIs and benzos)
- substances of abuse (nicotine, cocaine, herion, weed, alc)
- chronic illness/medical conditions (obesity, diabetes, cancer, MS, stroke, etc)
psychological causes of sexual dysfunctiom
sexual trauma, negative experience, stress, depression, anxiety, negative self-talk, lack of education, lack of communication, relationship conflict
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
characteristics: for at least 6 mo, lack of interest in and desire for sexual activity
prevalence: 6% younger men, 41% males over 65 report some distress due to reduced desire
course: may begin in puberty and be life-long
female sexual interest/arousal disorder
characteristics: for at least 6 mo, lack of or significant decline in sexual desire and arousal
prevalence: unknown
course:
female orgasmic disorder
characteristics: delay in or absence of orgasm following a normal process of arousal occurring during 75-100% of sexual encounters
prevalence: 25%
course: more common in younger women as orgasmic capacity tends to increase with age
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
characteristics: pain associated with intercourse (usually during, but could be after) for women
prevalence: 15% of women
course: most common in early adulthood and around menopause
persistent genital arousal disorder
characteristics:
prevalence:
course:
erectile disorder
characteristics: inability to achieve and maintain an erection until completion of sexual activity during 75-100% of sexual encounters for 6 mo
prevalence: 15-30mill in US, more common in older men
course: lifelong - from puberty unable to achieve an erection (rare)
acquired - develops after a period of normal functioning
premature ejaculation
characteristics: orgasm and ejaculation before it is desired occurring during 75-100% of sexual encounters for at least 6 mo
prevalence: 25% of men report some concern regarding ejaculation
course: tends to decrease with age and time in relationship
delayed ejaculation
characteristics: delay or absence of ejaculation during 75-100% of sexual encounters for at least 6 mo
prevalence: least commonly reported sexual difficulty for men, associated with physical issues depression and medical issues
course: increases after age 50
vaginismus
involuntary contractions of pelvic floor muscles
Peyronie’s disease
build up of fibrous tissues/calcium in cavernous bodies of penis, causing curvature and pain
CBT for sex therapy
changing negative/unrealistic attitudes, improving communication, reducing anxiety, learning sex skills, addressing past traumas
Process of sensate focus
explore methods of stimulation other than intercourse, read notes for more
Eros
vacuum pump over clitoris that increases blood flow
Alprostadil
injected vasodilating medication for arousal disorders; increases blood flow to penis, creates an erection regardless of sexual stimulation, not as successful for ED
Priapism
prolonged/painful erection
treatments for sexual disorders
read notes
