Exam 3 Flashcards
4 Jazz composers who represented four different jazz canvas.
Monk (Blues, Standard song form)
Mingus (Conventional forms)
Gil Evans
George Russell (modalism)
Thelonius Monk
Round Midnight, not well known in early years, played at Minton’s, hired by Hawkins, recorded for Blue note, cabaret card taken away, signed with Riverside, worked with Coltrane, rollins and roach.
Charles Mingus
bassist, linked jazz and civil rights, “slap that bass”, played with kid ory in Armstrongs band, toured with lionel Hampton. Played with bird, powell, getz, miles, and ellington. Third stream. Criticized the jazz industry for depriving musicians of control over their work. Died form Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Gil Evans
Arranger (miles davis, monk, and mingus). Concerto form
George Russell
Bandleader (Musical theory for jazz; Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization). Father of modal jazz. NOT AN INSTRUMENTALIST
Miles Davis
Wealth family, Eckstine band, Julliard and dropped out, hired by Charlie Parker. Middle register (softer sound). Harmon mute. Great Quintet (Coltrane, Garland, Chambers, Jones, Gil Evans), tough guy attitude and cool jazz
Davis’ First Orchestral Album
19 pieces, leaves quintet for Europe, recruits cannonball. fires Coltrane for drugs
Modal Jazz and Kind of Blue
Most celebrated album (KOB) bob and harmonically busy.
Bill Evans
New Jersey. Piano. Lousiana College. Waltz for Debby. 1995. “So What”
John Coltrane
Alto Sax, poor family, Tenor Sax, “sheets of sound”, navy, Modal and Avant-garde, “giant steps”, “my favorite things”, Tyner, Quartet (jones, tyner, polyrhythm, Garrison) free jazz with ornette coleman, “A love supreme” … his music became about a process. Ascension (alice on piano, and improvised)
Miles Davis’s Second Quintet
Hancock, Carter, Williams, Shorted. Avant-garde music postbop
Postbop
involved harmonic ambiguity, original compositions with new harmonic frameworks, and a radical lossening of the rhythm section
Avant-garde
originated in the French military to denote troops sent ahead of the regular army to scout unknown territory
First wave of Avant-garde
Surrealism, cubism, 12 tone music
Second Wave of Avant-garde
Expressed through film and jazz. The new trend in film that emanated from Europe was described as the new Wave
Avant-garde Characteristics
Rhythm: Dispensed with the steady beat preferring an ambiguous pulse or several pulses at one
Harmony: Pre-determined chords were thrown out in favor of intuitive improve
melody: No longer confined to harmonic patterns, but abstract drawings
Structure: stressed the exploration of all sonority through improve
Instrumentation: anything goes
Presentation: art
Politics: antiwar struggles and civil rights.
Ornette Coleman
“Jazz must be free”, Pulitzer Prize, Texas, Saxophone, Quintet with Blackwell, Atlantic records, Dirges and blues, mircrotones, concept of harmolodics
Cecil Taylor
Pianist, Free Jazz, Band with Steve Lacey, Played at Five Spot in NY, “The Unit” with Jimmy Lyons, preformed for president Jimmy Carter. Writes music as units
Eric Dolphy
Sax, Flute, Clarinet, Work with Mingus, Coleman’s Free Jazz, could play any style
Three Paradoxes
- For all the outrage it generated, the avant-garde engrosses and influenced many established musicians
- Despite its insistence on newness, the avant-garde turned out to be more historically inclusive than any previous style
- Although it failed to find popular acclaim, the avant-garde proved as durable as mainstream jazz
Sun Ra
Herman Blount, “Arkestra”, Eqyptian Costumes, first to presue full scale big band free improve (phree improve), drafted but refused to go to war, Slugg’s Saloon every Monday.
Fusion
all music situated on the boundary line between jazz and pop
R & B connection
“jump”, portrayed swing and boogie woogie.
Louis Jordan
Sax, singer, songwriter, bandleader, fathers band, joined chick webb, Louis Jordan and His Tympani Five
Ray Charles
Soul jazz, Poor in Georgia, raised in Florida, Blind by 7, orphaned by 14, jazz and hillbilly music, moved to seattle, Nat King Cole. Represented swing, bop, and R & B, gospel, and rock, ABC paramount
Soul Jazz
Hardbop with strong backbeat
Smith
R&B, studied piano, mastered B3 foot pedals to play complete bass line
Popular Singers of 1950s
Rosemary Clooney, Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, Sarah Vaughn
Frank Sinatra
Member of Rat Pack. Crooning technique. Joined Tommy Dorsey Band. Recoreded white Christmas, also in films
Sarah Vaughn
Piano and Organ, Won Amateure Context at 18. Sung with Earl hines and Eckstine. Headline at Café Society. Signs with Columbia, huge vocal range, popular song and jazz
Xavier Cugat
Spanish born, moved to cuba. Film, raido and music
Carmen Miranda
Huge fruit hats, Introduced American audiences to Brazilian samba
Mauria Bauza
Cubop. Born in Havana, worked in chick webb band, forms afro-Cuban band with frank grillo, and maracas player machito.
Machito
Havana, Moved to US. Latin ensembles, hired by Mauria, based on clave rhythm.
Differences in Latin Jazz band
In a latin band, the rhythm section is larger than the jazz configuration of piano, bass and drums. In addition to trap drums, the instruments played by a typical Cubop percussion team are timbales, congas, the bongos, maracas, claves and guiros.
The Dizzy Factor
Gillespie worked with Bauza and recorded Manteca (arranged by George Russell)
Bossa Nova
Brazillian Music, Antonio Carlos Jobim. Joao Gillberto. Soffter, melodic emphasis, in comparison to the more aggressive samba
Bossa comes to the US
- Cuban Revolution
- Touring jazz muscians often sponsored by the State department discovered Jobim’s songs and embraced them. Dizzy Gillespie was one of the first jazz musicians to study Bossa during a visit to Brazil in 1961.
Charlie Byrd
Guitarist, made jobim and gillberto realize that bossa nova was better for guitar
Stan Getz
Played with Kenton, Goodman, and Hermans brothers, “Early Autum”
Salsa
Created by Puerto Rican immigrants. First generation New Yorkers (Nuyoricans). “La Perfecta”
British Invasion
1960s the beetles took over. Jazz moved to fusion to keep people happy
Challenges to jazz in 1960s
- Youth audiences wanted a new kind of music, played by younger musicians
- Amplifications and electronic manipulation of sound produced a whole new range of timbres that jazz musicians were not used to
- By the 1960s rock was played in an even-eights groove as opposed to a swing groove
Rock groups
emphasized a collective sound, rather than the emphasis of individual soloists
Funk
Emerges with James Brown. Hand dense polyrhythm and harmonically sophisticated. It created a new dance groove
Miles Davis
In 1970 releases “Bitches Brew” , best selling jazz album
Miles Fusion
Electrified rhythm with Dave Holland (bass), chick corea, and gill evans
Mahavishnu Orchestra: John Mclaughlin
One of the best jazz fusion groups of all time. Mahavishnu is all souls in the universe. Hammer, Laird, Goodman, and Cobham.
Chick Corea
Learned from Horace and Powell. Was first a Scientologist. Played synthesizers and hired Connors and DiMeola
Wayne Shorter
Leading soprano sax player. Music after high school. One of the first examples of “world” music (Native Dancer). Played all types of music
Weather Report (Wayne Shorter)
longest-lasting group (15 yrs) Shorter and Joe Zawinul
Jaco Pastorius
Jazz, Fusion, Funk bass player, Downbeat hall of fame, weather report member, “word of mouth”, drug addiction, died from physical beating
Herbie Hancock
Davis’s Quintet, biggest hit “Chameleon”, Won Grammys and Oscar. “Cantaloop”
Chameleon
Herbie Hancock and Headhunters (Mason, Jackson, Summers.
Pat Metneny
Most critically acclaimed guitarists and band leaders, trumpet then guitar, Taught at U of Miami when only 18. Used synthesizer as serious instrument
Smooth Jazz
Kenny G, upper class audience, radio driven, mass audience, Grover washington
Kenny G.
King of Smooth Jazz
Phish
Contemporary version of a band devoted to open-ended improvisation, but not a jazz band, its audience is much larger than any jazz band.
Medeski, Martin and Wood (MMW)
Opened for Phish, Started as piano trio in NY, then played in rock gigs
Acid Jazz
English Rave scene, bass-oriented, hypnotic electronic music for dancers
Jazz/Hip-hop
Latest music to inform fusion. Example is Herbie Hancock. Us3, Older soloists put together hip-hop tracks. Lester Bowie, Plantes, and Carter with MC Solaar
Historicism
Claimed that art must be viewed in its horstorical and sociocultural context, in contrast to the New Criticism, which denied context as important to understanding art. In jazz, these two viewers complemented each other. Martin Williams is propably the leading advocate of the New Criticism in jazz.
Schools
Lenox School of Jazz (First dedicated jazz curriculum) - great faculty including Gillespie and Russell.. closed in 1960
First University jazz Program
University of North Texas. Also Berklee served as a training ground for jazz musicians
Young Musicians
Able to draw freely from the past
Common Language
They all speak the same language.
Jason Moran
Studided classical music, “round midnight”, loved Thelonious Monk! One of the first groups to combine avant-garde and mainstream jazz with hip-hop, electronic music, and world music. Human Motion
Esperanza Spalding
Cellist, Bassist and Singer, Berklee, 4 grammys, “Chamber Music Society” and “Radio Music Society”
Bobby McFerrin
10 Grammies, Good Voice, used body percussion, known for his work in music education
Nancy King
Toured with Playboy Club circuit. Known for her scat singing and innovative syllables, worked with Allison, Hersch, Evans, Dee Dee.
Cecile Mclorin Salvant
Born and raised in Miami Florida, moved to france, known for arrangements of early jazz, Down beat jazz critics winner for female vocalist
Kurt Elling
Studied Divinity at Chicago. Friend introduced him to jazz, considered by many to be the best contemporary male jazz vocalist.
Max Roach and Oscar brown
Wrote Freedom Something
Abby Lincoln
Was important jazz singer
5 Spot
Important place for development of avante garde
