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Advanced Experimental Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 key features of qualitative research?

A
  1. inductive - rely on individual experiences
  2. to develop theory
  3. described in words/themes
  4. key issues defined by person
  5. rich in-depth information
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2
Q

What are the 4 ways of data collection for qualitative research?

A
  1. interviews
  2. focus groups
  3. journals
  4. open-ended questions on surveys
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3
Q

What are the steps to data analyses?

A

data gathered > categories > coding rules > coding accuracy > revise rules to make strong agreement > code data into categories (themes)

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4
Q

What are 4 strengths to qualitative research?

A

+ useful in exploratory research
+ understanding a specific context
+ deeper understanding of participants (hear it from them)
+ helps avoid preconceived ideas of researchers

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5
Q

What are 3 weaknesses to qualitative research?

A
  • unclear standards for data quality
  • requires sophisticated participants
  • possibility of reactivity
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6
Q

What is the goal of all research?

A

To discover a law of nature - something that’s true of behavior, thought, or emotion

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7
Q

What is a population?

A

entire group to whom we want our finding to apply

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8
Q

What is a sample?

A

part of the population chosen to represent the population (who’s being researched)

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9
Q

What is representativeness?

A

sample must be similar to population on key characteristics

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10
Q

Why is representativeness important?

A

sample is used to infer responses of the entire population

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11
Q

What is a way to improve representativeness?

A

Random sampling

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12
Q

What are the types of random sampling?

A

simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling

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13
Q

What is simple random sampling?

A

Each person has an equal chance of showing up in your study

ex. Clemson students’ attitudes toward physician-assisted suicide

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14
Q

What is stratified random sampling?

A

Divide population based on characteristic, then randomly sample
ex. ethnicity

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15
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

take advantage of clusters, randomly sample w/in clusters

ex. schools within a system

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16
Q

What are the types of nonrandom sampling?

A

convenience, snowball, purposive, quota

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17
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Take whoever is available

argument strongest in physio, perception, cognition

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18
Q

What is the justification for convenience sampling?

A

discovering laws, not predicting population means

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19
Q

Why is non-response a problem in research?

A

potential for bias - why did people not respond? could say something about the people that responded like a shared characteristic
ex. effectiveness of mental health treatment (Consumer Reports)

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20
Q

How can researchers deal with non-response?

A

difficult to completely eliminate
try to increase response rates with reminder calls, emails
See if responders differ from overall sample on key variables

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21
Q

What are the effects of asking prior questions? For example, recalling 3 positive or negative events that were either recent or distant.

A

The findings were:
positive and recent - better well-being
negative and past - better well-being; currently better off compared to past, happier

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22
Q

How can question order affect correlation? ex. marital satisfaction and life satisfaction

A

C1: general state, marriage -> moderate correlation
C2: marriage, general state -> large correlation (primed, used marital info to form overall estimate of life satisfaction)

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23
Q

What is the purpose of statistics?

A

used to test hypothesis

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24
Q

Which measure of central tendency do you use when your data are highly skewed?

A

Median

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25
Q

Why is truncating the Y-axis misleading?

A

can make a small effect seem big

ex. effects of tutoring on test performance - one scale has wider range (0-100) and the other has smaller range (68-80)

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26
Q

How would you analyze a correlational design with two continuous variables?

A

correlation coefficient

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27
Q

How would you analyze a correlational design with one continuous and one categorical variable?

A

t-test (2 groups) or ANOVA (more than 2 groups)

28
Q

How would you analyze a correlational design with two categorical variables?

A

chi-squared

29
Q

What is a partial correlation and when is it used?

A

examining correlation b/w 2 variables after controlling for another variable
can be used to test for mediation or be sure the correlation isn’t due to a third variable

30
Q

What is a multiple regression and when do you use it?

A

when you measure more than one continuous variable and a continuous outcome

31
Q

When do you use a standard multiple regression?

A

Small number of predictors (4 or less)

32
Q

When do you use a hierarchical regression?

A

If you want to control for certain variables (eg. demographics) before testing your primary predictors

33
Q

When do you use a stepwise regression?

A

If you have 5 or more predictors

34
Q

What is the traditional approach to reviewing the literature for a meta-analysis?

A

want to get at “true” relationship, combine results from many studies
obtain effect size measure from each study to combine effects into an overall average

35
Q

Why do effects vary in meta-analysis studies?

A

samples are imperfect representations of the population

36
Q

What are the benefits to a meta-analysis?

A

more data collected from similar studies
doesn’t rely on human judgement/bias to detect patterns in literature
enables researchers to study whether certain

37
Q

How do you know if the difference between two means is not due to chance?

A

use t test
compare difference in means to measure of random error
variance best measure of random error

38
Q

What information is needed to conduct a T-test?

A

T-value, degrees freedom, significance of T-value, means

39
Q

What are the ways in which we can increase the value of our T statistic?

A

decrease error variability (ex. run test at same time each day)
drive means further apart

40
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

IV will not have an effect on DV

41
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis?

A

IV will have an effect on DV

42
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

Means will differ in a certain direction; one-tailed test

43
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

Means will differ in no particular direction; two-tailed test; psychologists almost always use p

44
Q

What is a Type I error?

A

say relationship is present when it really isn’t
defined by alpha level we set; lower, less likely to make error
larger p = increased risk of T1

45
Q

What is a Type II error?

A

say a relationship doesn’t exist when it really does
defined by alpha level
smaller p = increased risk of T2

46
Q

What are concerns about making Type I errors?

A 
big consequences for finding significant effect (ex. drugs)
Controversial errors (ex. existence of ESP)
47
Q

What are concerns about making Type II errors?

A

missed discovery has big consequences (ex. secondhand smoke doesn’t cause lung cancer)

48
Q

What is the power of a design?

A

decreased error, strong effects, large number of sub

49
Q

When do you use an ANOVA?

A

When you’re trying to find the difference between 2 or more conditions; within-subjects (repeated measures ANOVA)

50
Q

When do you use follow up tests with an ANOVA?

A

First find whether ANOVA is significant
then find main effect - one or both of variables has 2 or more levels (post hoc)
isolate source of interaction (simple effects test)

51
Q

How can planned contrasts be more powerful than an ANOVA when you are expecting a single mean to be different from two or more means?

A

Combined comparisons between means = better test

Ex. will virgin rats show maternal behavior? - used ANOVA of experimental and group average from control groups

52
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

probability effect in our study generalizes to population

53
Q

What is magnitude of effect?

A

% of total variability due to IV
small=.02, medium=.13, large=.28
Greater number of participants = greater likelihood of significant results

54
Q

What is the main purpose of the two-way ANOVA?

A

testing the effects of two independent variables on a dependent variable

55
Q

What is the interaction effect of a two-way ANOVA?

A

effects of one IV on the DV differ depending on the level of a second IV
ex. reactions to test score as a function of relevance of course to major
“collapse across”

56
Q

What follow up analyses are needed for a two-way ANOVA?

A

if either IV has more than 2 levels and main effect significant run a follow-up test:
significant - simple effects test
compare effect of IV at each level of other IV
do one-way ANOVA for one IV at each level of second IV

57
Q

What are the key parts of the manuscript?

A

Abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion

58
Q

What does the abstract contain?

A

short, introduces what your paper will talk about

59
Q

What does the introduction contain?

A

central idea, unfold introduction, research review, hypotheses

60
Q

What does the method contain?

A

participants, materials, design, procedure

61
Q

What does the results section contain?

A

descriptive statistics, analyses, figures and tables

62
Q

What does the discussion contain?

A

Your interpretation of results, were your hypotheses supported?, future research

63
Q

What are the steps to the publication process?

A

peer review, determine appropriate journal, submission, revision, print

64
Q

What are some characteristics of a strong manuscript?

A

importance factor - extends what is known about an area
multiple experiments in a single manuscript - show replication and extension
Multiple methods - not just SR measures - use objective measures too
If correlational, have multiple time periods

65
Q

What are six tips for delivering an effective presentation?

A
  1. It’s not about you, it’s about your audience
  2. Preparing your slides - less is more
  3. Good talk - practice, be engaged with audience
  4. Be confident
  5. Stay calm, be in control of your physiology
  6. Focus on what you are going to say, rather than what you are feeling

Advanced Experimental Psychology (2 decks)

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