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Advanced Experimental Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 key features of qualitative research?

A
  1. inductive - rely on individual experiences
  2. to develop theory
  3. described in words/themes
  4. key issues defined by person
  5. rich in-depth information
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2
Q

What are the 4 ways of data collection for qualitative research?

A
  1. interviews
  2. focus groups
  3. journals
  4. open-ended questions on surveys
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3
Q

What are the steps to data analyses?

A

data gathered > categories > coding rules > coding accuracy > revise rules to make strong agreement > code data into categories (themes)

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4
Q

What are 4 strengths to qualitative research?

A

+ useful in exploratory research
+ understanding a specific context
+ deeper understanding of participants (hear it from them)
+ helps avoid preconceived ideas of researchers

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5
Q

What are 3 weaknesses to qualitative research?

A
  • unclear standards for data quality
  • requires sophisticated participants
  • possibility of reactivity
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6
Q

What is the goal of all research?

A

To discover a law of nature - something that’s true of behavior, thought, or emotion

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7
Q

What is a population?

A

entire group to whom we want our finding to apply

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8
Q

What is a sample?

A

part of the population chosen to represent the population (who’s being researched)

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9
Q

What is representativeness?

A

sample must be similar to population on key characteristics

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10
Q

Why is representativeness important?

A

sample is used to infer responses of the entire population

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11
Q

What is a way to improve representativeness?

A

Random sampling

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12
Q

What are the types of random sampling?

A

simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling

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13
Q

What is simple random sampling?

A

Each person has an equal chance of showing up in your study

ex. Clemson students’ attitudes toward physician-assisted suicide

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14
Q

What is stratified random sampling?

A

Divide population based on characteristic, then randomly sample
ex. ethnicity

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15
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

take advantage of clusters, randomly sample w/in clusters

ex. schools within a system

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16
Q

What are the types of nonrandom sampling?

A

convenience, snowball, purposive, quota

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17
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Take whoever is available

argument strongest in physio, perception, cognition

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18
Q

What is the justification for convenience sampling?

A

discovering laws, not predicting population means

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19
Q

Why is non-response a problem in research?

A

potential for bias - why did people not respond? could say something about the people that responded like a shared characteristic
ex. effectiveness of mental health treatment (Consumer Reports)

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20
Q

How can researchers deal with non-response?

A

difficult to completely eliminate
try to increase response rates with reminder calls, emails
See if responders differ from overall sample on key variables

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21
Q

What are the effects of asking prior questions? For example, recalling 3 positive or negative events that were either recent or distant.

A

The findings were:
positive and recent - better well-being
negative and past - better well-being; currently better off compared to past, happier

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22
Q

How can question order affect correlation? ex. marital satisfaction and life satisfaction

A

C1: general state, marriage -> moderate correlation
C2: marriage, general state -> large correlation (primed, used marital info to form overall estimate of life satisfaction)

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23
Q

What is the purpose of statistics?

A

used to test hypothesis

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24
Q

Which measure of central tendency do you use when your data are highly skewed?

A

Median

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25
Why is truncating the Y-axis misleading?
can make a small effect seem big | ex. effects of tutoring on test performance - one scale has wider range (0-100) and the other has smaller range (68-80)
26
How would you analyze a correlational design with two continuous variables?
correlation coefficient
27
How would you analyze a correlational design with one continuous and one categorical variable?
t-test (2 groups) or ANOVA (more than 2 groups)
28
How would you analyze a correlational design with two categorical variables?
chi-squared
29
What is a partial correlation and when is it used?
examining correlation b/w 2 variables after controlling for another variable can be used to test for mediation or be sure the correlation isn't due to a third variable
30
What is a multiple regression and when do you use it?
when you measure more than one continuous variable and a continuous outcome
31
When do you use a standard multiple regression?
Small number of predictors (4 or less)
32
When do you use a hierarchical regression?
If you want to control for certain variables (eg. demographics) before testing your primary predictors
33
When do you use a stepwise regression?
If you have 5 or more predictors
34
What is the traditional approach to reviewing the literature for a meta-analysis?
want to get at "true" relationship, combine results from many studies obtain effect size measure from each study to combine effects into an overall average
35
Why do effects vary in meta-analysis studies?
samples are imperfect representations of the population
36
What are the benefits to a meta-analysis?
more data collected from similar studies doesn't rely on human judgement/bias to detect patterns in literature enables researchers to study whether certain
37
How do you know if the difference between two means is not due to chance?
use t test compare difference in means to measure of random error variance best measure of random error
38
What information is needed to conduct a T-test?
T-value, degrees freedom, significance of T-value, means
39
What are the ways in which we can increase the value of our T statistic?
decrease error variability (ex. run test at same time each day) drive means further apart
40
What is the null hypothesis?
IV will not have an effect on DV
41
What is the alternative hypothesis?
IV will have an effect on DV
42
What is a directional hypothesis?
Means will differ in a certain direction; one-tailed test
43
What is a non-directional hypothesis?
Means will differ in no particular direction; two-tailed test; psychologists almost always use p
44
What is a Type I error?
say relationship is present when it really isn't defined by alpha level we set; lower, less likely to make error larger p = increased risk of T1
45
What is a Type II error?
say a relationship doesn't exist when it really does defined by alpha level smaller p = increased risk of T2
46
What are concerns about making Type I errors?
``` big consequences for finding significant effect (ex. drugs) Controversial errors (ex. existence of ESP) ```
47
What are concerns about making Type II errors?
missed discovery has big consequences (ex. secondhand smoke doesn't cause lung cancer)
48
What is the power of a design?
decreased error, strong effects, large number of sub
49
When do you use an ANOVA?
When you're trying to find the difference between 2 or more conditions; within-subjects (repeated measures ANOVA)
50
When do you use follow up tests with an ANOVA?
First find whether ANOVA is significant then find main effect - one or both of variables has 2 or more levels (post hoc) isolate source of interaction (simple effects test)
51
How can planned contrasts be more powerful than an ANOVA when you are expecting a single mean to be different from two or more means?
Combined comparisons between means = better test | Ex. will virgin rats show maternal behavior? - used ANOVA of experimental and group average from control groups
52
What is statistical significance?
probability effect in our study generalizes to population
53
What is magnitude of effect?
% of total variability due to IV small=.02, medium=.13, large=.28 Greater number of participants = greater likelihood of significant results
54
What is the main purpose of the two-way ANOVA?
testing the effects of two independent variables on a dependent variable
55
What is the interaction effect of a two-way ANOVA?
effects of one IV on the DV differ depending on the level of a second IV ex. reactions to test score as a function of relevance of course to major "collapse across"
56
What follow up analyses are needed for a two-way ANOVA?
if either IV has more than 2 levels and main effect significant run a follow-up test: significant - simple effects test compare effect of IV at each level of other IV do one-way ANOVA for one IV at each level of second IV
57
What are the key parts of the manuscript?
Abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion
58
What does the abstract contain?
short, introduces what your paper will talk about
59
What does the introduction contain?
central idea, unfold introduction, research review, hypotheses
60
What does the method contain?
participants, materials, design, procedure
61
What does the results section contain?
descriptive statistics, analyses, figures and tables
62
What does the discussion contain?
Your interpretation of results, were your hypotheses supported?, future research
63
What are the steps to the publication process?
peer review, determine appropriate journal, submission, revision, print
64
What are some characteristics of a strong manuscript?
importance factor - extends what is known about an area multiple experiments in a single manuscript - show replication and extension Multiple methods - not just SR measures - use objective measures too If correlational, have multiple time periods
65
What are six tips for delivering an effective presentation?
1. It's not about you, it's about your audience 2. Preparing your slides - less is more 3. Good talk - practice, be engaged with audience 4. Be confident 5. Stay calm, be in control of your physiology 6. Focus on what you are going to say, rather than what you are feeling

Advanced Experimental Psychology (2 decks)

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