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Bioengineering I > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

***What is meant by the term biotransformation and how does it aid excretion of fat soluble drugs?

A
  • The chemical modification(s) made by an organism on a chemical compound
  • Modification can: Render molecules more safe or useable, Facilitate removal/excretion
  • -make it hydrophilic = more absorption
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2
Q

Define the term Excretion.

A
  • a process by which products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism.
  • Metabolic waste: CO2, H2O, undigested material, organic molecules (aged Hb, drugs, other organic molecules) and urea.
  • The two principle organs: liver, kidneys
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3
Q

Draw an engineering diagram that shows the major components of the excretory system

A
  • square diagram of various body systems.
  • Excretory System: the Skin, Lungs, GI tract, Liver and the Kidneys.
  • Sys: Integumentary, Respiratory (CO2/O2), Musculoskeletal, Renal (waste liquid), Reproductive, Circulatory, Endocrine, Nervous, Immune, Digestive (Nutrients/Waste matter).
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4
Q

How does the major blood supply of the liver differ from that of the kidney?

A

Fed by Two Blood Supplies:

  • Hepatic Artery (Input): Oxygenated blood from heart
  • Hepatic Portal Vein (Input): Deoxygenated but nutrient & enzyme rich blood from GI Tract
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5
Q

***Describe the structural unit of the liver and how it is designed.

A
  • Functional Unit of the Liver is the Liver Lobule
  • Lobule full of blood, 2 inputs (Hepatic artery and portal vein) mix together to central vein, center of lobule.
  • Made of: Hepatocytes, Macrophages (Kupffer Cells), Blood vessels, Lymph vessels
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6
Q

What is a kupffer cell, where are they located and what role do they play in excretion?

A
  • Draining Blood is filtered by hepatocytes and Kupffer cells
  • Resident macrophage of the liver
  • Phagocytizes: Invading pathogens tagged with complement molecules or antibodies, Damaged red blood cells & platelets
  • Also activated by excess alcohol
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7
Q

Describe the function of the gall bladder.

A

store bile from the liver, concentrate and mix it with mineral salts and enzymes, then release bile into small intestine.

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8
Q

–Describe the lymphatic system and its role in the body.

A
  • Drainage system for all of your organs/tissues
  • Carries a clear fluid called lymph
  • Contains: 3L of plasma (decellularized blood), Lymphocytes, Waste products
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9
Q

***What is meant by 1st pass metabolism and why is important to the fields of pharmacology & drug delivery?

A

-The majority of drugs will go through the liver, then heart
-Bioavailability: amount of active drug that gets to the target tissue
-Effective Dosing Strategies Take The Liver Into Account
= How much drug gets to target tissue, goes elsewhere (where, how much, impacts), How is the drug modified, Impacts of modified drug on target and other organs

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10
Q

Describe 1 technique to engineer a replacement for a failed liver.

A

-decellularizing existing livers to side step making the structure themselves

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11
Q

List four functions of the kidney.

A
  • Regulate the volume and the composition of extracellular fluid (controlling amount of water in the urine / ADH)
  • Regulate of blood pressure;
  • Regulate acid-base balance;
  • Removal of urea (derived from amino acid metabolism)
  • Removal of water soluble waste products and excess water;
  • Production of erythropoietin (blood cell formation) and enzymes
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12
Q

***Draw a diagram of the nephron and show where and how re-absorption takes place.

A

-Renal Corpuscle: the glomerulus inside Bowman’s capsule. Then the Proximal Tubule-> Loop of Henle-> Distal Tubule-> Collecting Duct.

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13
Q

***Draw a diagram that shows how the glomerular filter works and on the diagram label the principle pressures involved in the process.

A

Glomerular capsule, with net pressure out of capsule 10 mmHg. Glomerular pressure into capsule 55 mmHg, against current of Blood colloid osmotic pressure 30 mmHg and capsular hydrostatic pressure 15 mmHg

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14
Q

How are passive and active transport mechanisms used to reabsorb critical solutes back into the blood.

A

-Passive reabsorption of water uses osmosis
-Passive reabsorption of solutes uses diffusion
(concentration gradeints)
-Active transport uses energy driven transport proteins

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15
Q

–What is ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and how does it help your body to regulate the volume and concentration of extracellular fluids

A

aka vasopressin, it retains water in the body and constricts blood vessels
-*opens channels to absorb more water. In absence of ADH more urine, waste.

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16
Q

How is kidney failure treated and describe one major limitation with this treatment

A
  • Hemodialysis: blood clotting,
  • Organ Transplant
  • Peritoneal Dialysis
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17
Q

In the context of this course, what is meant by the term “Mechanics”.

A

study of behavior of physical bodies subjected to forces or displacements and their effects on their environment.

18
Q

Define the term deformation.

A

change in the shape or size of an object due to various forces: tensile, compressive, shear, bending or torsion.

19
Q

How is plastic deformation of a material different than elastic deformation of a material.

A
  • Elastic: material deforms but can go back to original shape
  • Plastic: material deforms but remains in deformed shape.
20
Q

In relationship to biomechanical testing, define the terms load, stress and strain.

A
  • Load: force applied defined in terms of stress
  • Stress: force per cross sectional area
  • Strain: response of material to applied stress measured in terms of change in shape
21
Q

Explain one kind of device you could use to test the mechanical properties of a material.

A

Tensile testing, sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure.

22
Q

***Provide a diagram that shows a typical stress strain curve, label its axis, describe five properties that can be determined from the curve

A
  • Tensile Testing graph. Axes Strain (Mpa)/ Strain (%).

- Young’s Modulus, Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength, Total Strain, Toughness

23
Q

(A) What is the finite element method (or finite element modeling). (B) How is it useful to the fields of bioengineering and medicine.

A
  • divides complex DE into many simpler relationships/interactions. The entire set of these creates a mesh. Each element in the mesh describes the relationship between 2 points or nodes.
  • creates 3D model
24
Q

***Provide a diagram of the common elements of a measurement system and explain what each component does

A

Input-> Sensor-> Processor-> Receiver-> Output

25
Q

Compare and contrast the difference between accuracy and precision

A
  • accuracy: degree of exactness, closeness of measurement to quantity’s value
  • precision: aka reproducibility/repeatability, degree to which repeat measurements show same results
26
Q

***If given an r2 value of A, tell me whether there is a relationship between the variables being compared (A will be a number on the exam)

A
  • if r2 = 1, prefect match between var, good fit

- if r2 = 0, no relationship between var, bad fit

27
Q

***While performing a student’s t-test between two groups of data you calculate a p value = B, describe whether the two groups are significantly different or not (B will be a number on the exam)

A
  • if p is close to 1, means groups are the same

- if p is close to 0, means groups are different

28
Q

Define what is meant by the term “Bioinstrumentation”.

A

development and use of instruments for recording and transmitting physiological data

29
Q

Provide a classification system for the different types of Bioinstrumentation and provide an example of each.

A
  • Sensor: detects input. ex thermocouple, electrodes,photodiode
  • Processor: modifies sensor output. ex amplifier, filter
  • Receiver: present measurement for analysis. ex digital readout, image
30
Q

Describe one instrument that we covered in class. Include what the instrument is used for and list the major parts.

A
  • Spectrophotometer. Measures absorption or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength.
  • Parts: monochromator, photodiode, light source
31
Q

Describe what type of information a Gage R&R study provides

A
  • Provides reliability and repeat-ability.

- Technique to measure the precision of gauges and other measurement systems

32
Q

***What are the major components of the circulatory system?

A

systems diagram of all components, arrows of absorption’s and wastes. Integumentary, respiratory, musculoskeletal, renal, reproductive, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, digestive.

33
Q

List five different physiological systems that interact with the circulatory system.

A

Digestive, endocrine, respiratory, excretory, immune.

34
Q

What are the major components that make up blood in humans in your answer include the major cell types and organic molecules?

A

-hemoglobin structure: tetramer of 4 globin molecules

35
Q

***Draw a diagram of the human heart and label its parts and major vessels.

A
  • anterior and posterior vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle
  • left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta
36
Q

–Provide a diagram that shows how blood flows through the heart.

A
  • anterior and posterior vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle
  • left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta
37
Q

***Provide a diagram showing the spread of electrical excitation in the human heart.

A

-sinoatrial/atrioventricular node, anterior/middle/posterior intermodal tract, bachmann’s bundle, left/right bundle branch, conduction pathways

38
Q

***Provide a diagram that compares blood pressure, the velocity of blood flow and total area of the large arteries, small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.

A
  • boxes will be given on exam, label boxex large arteries -> small arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins.
  • Blood Pressure starts high, drops in arterieoles and stays low.
  • Velocity slightly lower than BP, drops in arterioles, and then increases back up after capillaries.
  • Total Area starts very low, then increases in arterioles, highest peak in capillaries, then decreases into venules and very low in veins.
39
Q

What are the three layers of tissue that make up a blood vessel and provide one characteristic that is different between and artery and a vein.

A
  • endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue.

- Veins have valves.

40
Q

Describe one biomedical engineering solution to treat a cardiovascular problem

A

-stents: used to provide structural support to vessel walls and flatten plaques after angioplasty

Bioengineering I (4 decks)

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