Exam 3 Flashcards
Exsanguination
Bleed out
Fundamental wrong Animal Rights
Animals are resources/ property
Rights view
What does it mean to have rights?
What is a right?
How do you get one?
Intrinsic value
Values of a individual/ own sake as an end
Moral value
Extrinsic value
Valuable as a means/ tool
Has a use
Ex.fan
Egalitarian (Intrinsic Value)
We are all equal
“Everyone has the same intrinsic value”
Right to respectful treatment
RECOGNIZE intrinsic value
“One must act accordingly”
Rights trump utility
Crime and punishment
Ex. Wrong to kill rich pawn collector
Subjects of life
More than sentience
Sentience
Conscious/alive
Desires/preferences
Beliefs (moral responsibilities, right/wrong)
sense of time/ memory & expectation
ABOUT HUMANS
What is NOT the fundamental wrong in animal rights?
Pain and unhappiness
Counter-intuitive objection to animal rights
They (animals) have equal moral rights
Us as humans have the same level as respects as animals
Animals do not have the same rights as humans but the same strength to respect is the same.
Human belief on animals
Reply:
We believe humans are more important than animals.
Our responses are different when comparing humans and animals
We have different responses, emotions and beliefs it makes a HUGE difference
Reply: intuitions might be mistaken
Objections to animal rights: animals do not have intrinsic value
Reply:
Reply: why not?
What do animals not have that we do have?
Animals are not rational
No language
No beliefs
No sense of time
Objections to animal rights: animals do not have intrinsic value
what is the problem??
Problem of marginal cases
Humans on the margins
Speciesism
Normative ethics
Making moral decisions
How do I decide the right thing to do?
Deontology
“Deon” duty/obligation
Right and wrong not determined by consequences
About past/present & not future
Specify what it is about the ACTION
Obligation 1
“You should study for your exam.”
Moral?
Desire dependent or not?
NOT moral
Desire-Dependent
If you want a good grade. If you want to pass the class then you should study. (Desire)
“If you want x then you should y.”
Meaning of IF
Hypothetical/ conditional
“If you want x then you should y.”
Obligation 2
“You should tell the truth.”
Moral?
Desire dependent or not?
Is Moral
Not desire-dependent
Categorical
“You must tell the truth.”
Cannot be rejected
Rejection to desire
“I don’t want that.”
Reject desire/obligation
“Should” is rejected
Moral motivation
Moral action
What puts you in motion for next step
Desires are motivating
“You should tell the truth.”
What’s the motivation?
Not desire
Non cognitivism
Wanting something
Requires non cognitive/ affective state
Desires and emotions
Cognitivism
Believing something
Deontological
Does not deny desires and motivations motivate you but it’s not only those two that motivate you
“I must help this person.”
What is the motivation?
The reason alone
Cognitivism independent of what?
Independent of affect (fear, happiness,etc) IRRELEVANT
Animal Rights Goals
Stop the use of animals
No food animals
No lab animals
No hunting/trapping
Categorical Imperative
CI 1
Act only according to the rule that can be universalized.
CI 1
Act only according to the rule that can be universalized.
- What rule would I be following if I did x? False promise
- Is the rule universalizable? (Can everyone follow the rule all the time?)
False promise ex.
Need $ lie about paying them back or tell them you need $ and you won’t ever pay them back
What do you need to make lies plausible/believable?
Require background of truth
Euthanasia
“Mercy killing”
Eu- good/happy
Thanatos- death
When is the quality of life so low that death is good?
Causing or not preventing the death of a terminally ill person (includes ones self)
Active E
Direct action to kill ill individual
Intention to cause death
Voluntary Euthanasia
ill person is rational, competent, consents
PAS (physician assisted suicide)
Involuntary Euthanasia
Non-competent
Non-rational
Cannot consent
PRS (persistent vegetative state)
Comatose
Passive E
Who Denys the distinction?
Withholding medical treatment, prolong life
Ex. Remove feeding tube
Turning off ventilation
Denys: doctors and nurses
Sentience
Moral beliefs and responsibilities and diff between right and wrong
Sentient being has a sense of time, memory, and expectation
What is CI 2?
Act as that you always treat others as ends and never as means
Importance of CI 2
Recognize intrinsic value in others & don’t use them as tools
Act accordingly
Comatose
Deep unconsciousness for a prolonged period of time
AMA
American Medical Association
Euthanasia is the administration of a lethal when to remove pain
Fundamentally incompatible with physicians
AMA
Passive E
Active E
Passive E
For humane reasons a physician may allow a terminally ill patient to die
Active E
Is NOT okay
No physician assisted suicide
American Nursing Association
ANA
Nurses may not act with sole intent of ending a persons life even if respecting a persons wishes
No matter what compassionate motivation is
Physician Assisted Suicide STATES
Oregon
Washington
Vermont
California -2016
PAS conditions
Patient must be in final 6 months terminal diagnosis
Two doctors must confirm
Patient must be mentally competent/voluntary
Patient 2 written and 1 verbal request
Against Euthanasia
Standard view of PAS
1 killing a human, killing ones self
2 killing is deliberate and intentional
3 no recovering is reasonably expected
euthanasia intentionally taking life of a person
Hypothetical
Desires and motivations
Puts you in the next step
Desires are motivating
Categorical
Reason as motivation
Cannot reject obligation
Euthanasia :Argument from Nature
E is unnatural
Drive to live, will to live
Undignified
Natural goal of life
Euthanasia: argument from self-interest
E is irrational
Are you really so sure?
Is the diagnosis accurate?
Mistaken diagnosis
New procedures
Spontaneous remission
Will to live
Euthanasia: argument from practical effects
E is dangerous
Corrupting effect on health care
For Euthanasia
1st argument Against SV
E will decrease suffering
Ex. Removing feeding tube =starving to death
For Euthanasia
Second argument against SV
Killing is not morally worse than letting die
“Killing is not necessarily worse than letting die”
SV Reply: intentions of the physician
Doctor does nothing to cause death, medical conditions cause death
For Euthanasia
Third argument against SV
Intentions of the physician
Reply: withholding medical treatment is an action one can perform by not doing other actions
