Exam 3 Flashcards
Identify a novel example of generalization
Similarly shaped stop sign in another country
-when you still respond appropriately to a situation because it resembles a past situation
From a Darwinism (natural selection) perspective, why is generalizing important for living organisms?
- increases organisms chance of survival
- generalizing too much would decrease their change of surviving
What is the shape of the generalization gradient?
1.)Train and hope
Train s the desired behavior and hopes it generalizes to everyday situations
-usually fails
2.)Generalization training
Is the most effective of the 3 techniques
3.)Similar stimuli
This method ensures that stimuli similar to those present in the twining situation are also present in the everyday situation.
-maximizes the similarity between training and real life situation
Significance of Milgram studies
Instructed person to shock the othe person if they missed a question
- over half completed experiment
- generalized compliance: the more respectable the doctor looked, the more compliance they received
What does it mean if 2 stimuli are ‘arbitrarily related’?
The sounds of the word ‘baby’ is A.R. related to a living baby
- doesn’t smell like/ look like a real baby
- *we had to learn the connection
- had to be learned
Definition of generalization
The occurrence of a behavior in the presence of a novel stimulus
Eliminates boundaries between situations
-the behavior spreads frown one situation to the other
Understand how through natural language training, humans learn to relate arbitrary stimuli as equivalent to one another.
- a benefit of language is the ability to understand much more than approach/ avoidance of a novel stimulus
- language is about learning between 2 arbitrary stimuli
Know what the following sentence means and be able to apply it in novel examples:
The contextual stimulus determines the functions of the stimuli.
“Hand me the hammer”
- hammer is Sd
- other tools is bin are S^
- the CS determines the function of the antecedent stimulus
Be able to identify the contextual stimulus if given a novel example…
Hearing the word baby and relating it to a photo of a baby
Stimulus equivalence relations?
In red frame on canvas slides
.?
Know the difference between between trained (solid arrows) and emergent (dashed arrows) relation.
Trained: what was taught in the lab
Emergent: not explicitly trained in lab, just happens
Trained- A>B. A>C.
Emergent: B>A. C>A. C>B. B>C
If one member of an equivalence class can elicit an emotion (happiness or panic), all members of the equivalence can elicit that emotion.
This is referred to as the functional relation between these antecedent stimuli and the emotional response.
1st wave behavioralism therapists
Mary jones
Joseph Wolpe
Mary Jones
-fixed little Albert (moving rabbit closer and closer slowly)
-extensive use of Pavlovian extinction techniques
Joseph Wolpe
-reciprocate inhibition
-dry to treat ptsd
-didn’t work with other anxieties
First wave techniques
Variety of Pavlovian extinction techniques
- good outcomes -80%
- operant procedures primarily used
How was the second wave different from the first wave?
2nd wave= cognitive revolution CBT
Replacing bad thoughts with rational, adaptive cognition
CBT
Cognitive behavioral therapy
The mind (the computer) has a virus that prevents normal functioning
-therapist finds faulty thinking, challenges
-change cognition> reduce symptoms of depression/ anxiety etc.
What empirical findings led us to question the assumptions underlying second wave therapies?
Shows that CBT causes a change but not because the client is restructuring their cognition
White bear problem
If you are told not to think about the white bear… You’re going to think about the bear.
-3rd wave believe controlling the cognitive content is not the answer
How did the 3rd wave change from the 2nd wave.
3rd wave is more accepting and has more mindfulness
Cognitive fusion
Thoughts taken literally, elicit deep unmanageable emotional states
-treat thoughts as fact
Cognitive delusion
Works to alter the function of the thought
-the goal is to be able to accept your thoughts
ACT
Acceptance and commitment therapy
-explore values of client>commit to walk valued path and knowing those problem thoughts are going to arise/ have to acknowledge those thoughts, realize they’re just thoughts and move on
What is the clients goal when they come to therapy and how (in 3rd wave therapies) does that goal need to change?
- I must get rid of these thoughts/ feelings if I want to live a valued life.
- I will welcome thoughts and feelings from a new context (doing so will alter their function)
What approach does the ACT therapist used to produce cognitive diffusion?
Get clients to view thoughts and the process of thinking in a new way
-thoughts are not literally true
What is involved in the commitment portion of ACT-therapy?
Finding your values
-can e commit to these values by approaching situations that we previously avoided.
Primary reinforcer
Consequence that maintains behavior (reinforcer)
- no learning required for this consequence to serve as a reinforcer
- temporarily lose their Efficacy thought satiation
Conditioned reinforcer
A consequence that requires reinforcing properties during the lifetime of the organizer
- i.e. $100 bill- you have to learn what it means before it serves as a reinforcer
- needs to be delivered county gent upon that behavior
- if you do the behavior- you get the CR
What is the difference between a conditioned reinforcer and the generalized reinforcer?
Conditioned: reinforcer that is paired up with a single back up reinforcer
Generalized: reinforcer that is paired with multiple back up reinforcers
What is a back up reinforcer?
A reinforcing event that makes a conditioned reinforcer effective
-dolphin trainer using a click noise to reinforce behavior and than gives the dolphin fish. The fish is a backup reinforcer
How do you create a conditioned reinforcer?
- Pavlovian conditioning (make the neutral stimulus productive of the back up reinforcer)
- a consequent stimulus that is predictive of a back up reinforcer becomes a conditioned reinforcer
What is a stimulus?
Anything that you can sense and that can potentially influence behavior
What does antecedent mean?
A stimulus that occurs before the behavior
