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Embryo Exam 3 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which pharyngeal arch does not form/rapidly disintegrates?

A

PA 5

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2
Q

What is a pharyngeal arch?

A

Paired transient structure located on ventral surface of embryo, core of mesenchyme, forms asynchronously

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3
Q

What are pharyngeal clefts/grooves?

A

Series of invaginations lined by ectoderm forming on ventral (external) surface of pharyngeal arches

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4
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches?

A

Invaginations that separate the pharyngeal arches on the dorsal (internal) surface

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5
Q

What are the components of a pharyngeal arch?

A

Aortic arch (artery), cartilaginous rod, muscular components, cranial n.

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6
Q

The first cleft and pouch are in what direction relative to Arch I?

A

Posterior

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7
Q

Which arch has no cleft/pouch associated with it?

A

Arch VI

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8
Q

What phenomenon creates the cervical sinus?

A

First and 2nd arch growing faster than 3rd and 4th arch which results in them being pushed towards midline and creating cervical sinus.

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9
Q

Maxillary and mandibular prominence are part of which arch?

A

Arch I

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10
Q

What does the first pouch form?

A

Eustachian tube, tympanic cavity

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11
Q

What does the second pouch form?

A

Palatine tonsil

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12
Q

What does the third pouch form?

A

Inferior parathyroid, thymus

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13
Q

What does the fourth-sixth pouch form?

A

Superior parathyroid, ultimobranchial body

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14
Q

Why do pharyngeal (cervical) cysts form?

A

Second arch failed to grow over arch 3 and 4, left remnant of cervical sinus.

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15
Q

What is an external branchial fistula?

A

If remnant of cervical sinus forms a channel to the exterior or pharynx.
[Internal if sinus is connected to the pharynx (due to rupture of membrane between 2nd cleft and 2nd pouch)]

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16
Q

What innervates pharyngeal arch I[mandibular arch]?

A

CN V - Trigeminal n. - maxillary and mandibular division

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17
Q

What innervates arch II? (Hyoid arch)

A

CN VII - Facial n.

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18
Q

What innervates arch III?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

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19
Q

What innervates arches IV-VI?

A

Vagus n. CN X, superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal

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20
Q

Where does meckel’s cartilage form from and what does it do?

A

Formed from arch I, supports first arch, malleus, incus.

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21
Q

Malleus, Incus, Meckel’s cartilage are from which arch?

A

I

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22
Q

Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid bone are derived from what arch?

A

II

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23
Q

Greater horn of hyoid & body of hyoid bone are derived from what arch?

A

III

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24
Q

Thyroid cartilage is derived from what arch?

A

IV

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25
Q

Cricoid cartilage is derived from what arch?

A

VI

26
Q

Which chromosome is responsible for mandibulofacial dystosis? (Treacher-collins syndrome)

A

Chromosome 5

27
Q

What protein is responsible for mandibulofacial dystosis (treacher-collins syndrome)?

A

Abnormal expression of Treacle protein in neural crest cells

28
Q

What arches are affected by treacher collins (mandibulofacial dystosis)?

A

Arches I & II [all structures]

29
Q

What are the characteristics of mandibulofacial dystosis? (Treacher-collins syndrome)

A

Downward slanting eyes, small lower jaw, malformed/missing ears. Anomalies can result in hearing, breathing and eating problems.

30
Q

What chromosome is responsible for DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS)?

A

Deletion of chromosome 22 (22q11.2)

31
Q

What arches/pouches are affected by DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Arches/pouches III and IV, some involvement of I and II

32
Q

2 alternative names for DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

22q11.2, velocardiofacial syndrome

33
Q

Classic triad for DiGeorge syndrome?

A

Contruncal (outflow tracts) abnormalities, hypoplastic thymus and hypocalcemia

34
Q

What does Catch-22 stand for?

A

DiGeorge syndrome mnemonic

Cardiac abnormality (PTA, tetralogy of Fallot, ASD, VSD)
Abnormal faces (facial expressions typical, small mouth, smooth philtrum, micrognathia)
Thymic aplasia (mild to severe)
Cleft palate
Hypoparathyroidism/Hypocalcemia

35
Q

What arches are responsible for Hemifacial microsomia - Goldenhar (Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral) Syndrome?

A

Congenital 1st and 2nd arch defect usually affecting one side of body

36
Q

Symptoms of hemifacial microsomia (Goldenhar) syndrome?

A

Maxillary, temporal and zygomatic bones are small/flat, small mandible, anotia/microtia, benign eye tumors, scoliosis/kyphosis, abnormal rib structure, tetralogy of Fallot & VSDs

37
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal cleft form?

A

External auditory meatus

38
Q

What do clefts 2,3 and 4 form?

A

Fuse to form cervical sinus which eventually degenerates.

39
Q

What is a pharyngeocutaneous fistula?

A

Persistent cervical sinus forming a fistula connecting skin and pharynx.

40
Q

Ear drums form from what?

A

Cleft mesenchyme in between first pouch

41
Q

What gives rise to C-Cells (thyroid)?

A

Ultimobranchial body

42
Q

Where does the thyroid migrate from/to?

A

Migrates from base of tongue to inferior to laryngeal prominence

43
Q

Where does the parathyroid migrate from/to?

A

Migrates from posterior surface of thyroid; inferior pair (3rd pouch) originates superior to superior pair (4th pouch)

44
Q

Thyroglossal duct degenerates to form what?

A

Foramen cecum

45
Q

What is the migration of the ultimobranchial body?

A

4th pouch to incorporation into thyroid gland; forms parafollicular (C) cells

46
Q

Where does the thymus migrate from?

A

3rd pouch to anterior mediastinum

47
Q

What are the derivatives of pharngeal pouch I?

A

Tympanic cavity (middle ear), auditory tube

48
Q

What are the derivatives of pharyngeal pouch 2?

A

Palatine tonsils (Tonsilar fossa)

49
Q

What are the derivatives of pharyngeal pouch 3?

A

Inferior pair of parathyroid glands, thymus

50
Q

What are the derivatives of pharyngeal pouch 4?

A

Superior pair of parathyroid glands, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid gland

51
Q

The tympanic membrane forms where?

A

At boundary of cleft and pouch I, thus formed from ectoderm, endoderm and the intervening mesenchyme

52
Q

What is the diagnostic feature for the thymus?

A

Hassall’s corpuscles

53
Q

What is ectopic thymus tissue?

A

Mass in mandibular angle usually, need to do a needle biopsy, misdiagnosed as tumor or cyst.

54
Q

Colloid/thyroglobulin are broken down/activated into what and by what?

A

T3/T4 via TSH

55
Q

What is a thyroglossal cyst?

A

Occurs as thymus migrates, can be anywhere in midline along migratory path of thyroid gland.

56
Q

Where does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue receive its sensory innervation from?

A

CN V, nerve to first arch

57
Q

Where does posterior 1/3 of tongue receive its sensory innervation from?

A

CN IX, nerve to 3rd arch

58
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

Tongue-tie, short frenulum of tongue anchor tongue to floor

59
Q

What is bifid tongue?

A

Lateral lingual swellings fail to fuse

60
Q

What is macroglossia?

A

Hypertrophy of the tongue, chromosomal amyloid disorders, hypothyroid disorders, acromegaly

61
Q

The tongue develops from what arches?

A

1-4

Embryo Exam 3 (2 decks)

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