Exam 3

Question 1

Measuring serum ceruloplasmin activity is a:

Answer 1

Functional measure for copper status

Question 2

Vegetarians are at risk for which condition

Answer 2

Hypochromic anemia

Question 3

What is the function of ZnT1?

Answer 3

Zinc transport to portal blood

Question 4

What is the fate of methylated selenide?

Answer 4

Urine loss.

Question 5

What condition is associated with selenium deficiency?

Answer 5

Keshan disease

Question 6

Discuss concerns regarding chromium in water source versus food

Answer 6

In water, Cr can be in its toxic form (Cr+6) which can be dangerous when ingested at high amounts
in Foods, Cr convert from Cr+6 to Cr+3 which is the nontoxic, nutritional form of chromium.

Question 7

Discuss (explain the functions of) a functional marker for (a) selenium and for (b) iron

Answer 7

Selenium: selenoprotein P– Se carrier takes inside the cell
Iron: Transferrin– used to transport iron
or ferritin– measure iron storage

Question 8

what foods can be added to a diet to increase levels of copper and zinc

Answer 8

oyster red meat

Question 9

Which mineral has the highest bioavailability and which mineral has the lowest bioavailability

Answer 9

Highest: iodine
Lowest: Chromium

Question 10

Why does KI protect against radioactive poisoning?

Answer 10

KI protect against radioactive poisoning of iodine because it binds to thyroid glands; so the radioactive iodide form cannot be stored thus preventing poisoning.

Question 11

Explain the etiology of goiter in Hashimotos’s disease and in graves’ disease

Answer 11

Hashimotos- an autoimmune disease that results in an underactive thyroid. Results in goiter
Graves’: an autoimmune disease that results in an overactive thyroid characterized by eye budging and goiter.

Question 12

Identify the 21st amino acid and discuss its significance in metabolism. Describe 2 Proteins that rely on this amino acid for synthesis and their roles in metabolism.

Answer 12

Endogenous selenocysteine is considered the 21st amino acid. it is necessary for making selenoproteins. Two examples
selenoprotein p: carries selenium inside cell
Glutathione peroxidase: antioxidant for lipid radicals
Selenoprotein are also responsible for converting T4 and T3

Question 13

Describe symptoms of a zinc deficiency and link to the mineral’s function. What is a symptom of zinc toxicity?

Answer 13

Deficiency
retarded growth: unable to do cell replication( dont have zinc fingers)
Loss of taste: don’t have gustin protein, taste bud can’t regeneration
Zinc toxicity: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps

Question 14

Discuss three manners by which the body protects against an iron overload. Discuss the genetic polymorphism related to one of these pathways and the therapy for condition

Answer 14

Hemochromotosis- cant regulate iron b/c of polymorphism that prevents hepcidin production. Impacts down reg of Fe absorp -> toxicity. Accumulate too much Fe in body. Treatment would be to give blood; link to cancer, heart disease, infection

Question 15

What is the single metabolic function attributed to chromium? list 2 manners to improve chromium status

Answer 15

chromium is needed to generate chromodulin. chromodulin attaches to the beta receptor for insulin resulting in the up-regulation of insulin. This helps increase insulin sensitivity and thus better regulates blood glucose level.
list 2 manners to improve chromium status
take less amount of iron bc Fe competes with Cr in transferrins
increase Vit C, lactic, and acetate when consume with chromium

Question 16

Discuss 2 proteins transporters that are required for copper homeostasis

Answer 16

ATP7A
Copper stored in tissues on metallothionein
Copper transported between tissues on ceruloplasmin which is produced in liver
Excess copper secreted in bile. Bile salts immobilize copper preventing copper reabsorption.
ATP7B is needed for Cu to get out of the liver cells

Question 17

Discuss in detail 2 reasons that the experts argue over the essentiality of chromium

Answer 17

Cr essentializing is debated because its absorption percentage is so low some expert think it just a contaminant
it also is only required in small amount (25-35 mg) and it is only an AI
It doesn’t have transporter specifically for it so they don’t think it is essential

Question 18

Offer discussion in support of the following statement

Answer 18

Consumption of tuna containing is likely safe: Tuna also contains selenium which binds mercury and allows for its safe exertion
Vegetarians need more dietary iron: Yes, because they only consuming non-heme iron which is only absorbed at 2-8%
Copper toxicity can be treated with zinc supplementation: Zinc binds metallothionein better than Cu and will lead to its excretion (absorption competition)
iron overload has been linked to cancer: Iron reacts with oxygen which leads to high level of hydroxyl radicals in the body, which could cause cancer.

Question 19

Discuss the etiology of acrodermatitis enteropathica. What are the symptoms and how is this condition treated?

Answer 19

acrodermatitis enteropathica is a zinc deficiency caused by a genetic defect of the ZIP 4 transport.
symptoms: red, flakey skin, loss of appetite. It can be treated with zinc