Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the generalities of megaloblastic anemia?
- Deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid
*
Sickle cell - What is the amino acid replacement?
6th position of beta chain of Hb
Valine replaces glutamic acid
What is Mediterranean anemia?
Thalassemia
How does Sickle cell promotes hyper bilirubinate stones due to amount of hemolysis - hemolytic anemia?
Tons of heme being converted to bilirubin but conversation process is slow
Precipitation in gall bladder of excess bilirubin
What is the mainstay of sickle cell replacement?
Amount of hemoglobin A, S
**Not electrophoresis
What is the one word that categorizes change of cell in spleen in sickle cell?
Autosplenectomy
What are the causes of vitamin B12 vs Folate deficiency?
Pregnancy can cause both
What is the most common reason for microcytic hyporchromic?
iron deficiency
followed by thalassemia
What is the most common reason for megaloblastic anemia?
Vitamin b12
then Folic
What is Myelophthisic anemia?
- Infiltration of cancer cells into bone marrow cells to cause the anemia
- Usually metastatic anemia (breast, then prostate, then lung)
What are the causes of DIC - Complications?
- Mucin producing carcinomas
- Obstetric emergencies
- Lipopolysaccharides from gram negative sepsis
- Burns
- Shock
- Dehydration
What is the most characteristic RBC deformity in DIC?
They turn into schistocytes (fragmented RBC)
General features of hemophilia A vs B:
- Which one is classic vs Chrismas?
- Which is more severe?
- More common?
- Genetic transmission of each?
- Is symptomatology the same?
- Factor 8 (A) - classic, factor 9 (B) - Christmas
- A
- A
- X-linked recessive
- Yes - uncontrolled bleeding following trauma
Where is vWF produced?
- Cell: Endothelial cells and Megakaryocytes
- Tissue: Subendothelial tissue
What is the most common route by which UTIs occur?
Ascending
What is the most common complication for diabetics when they have renal papillary necrosis?
Obstruction in the ureter can occur
What is the main reason why females get UTI over males?
Shorter urethra
What are the 2 most common diseases that cause chronic renal failure that leads individuals to have dialysis and renal transplants?
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
What is most feared complication of using both drugs of Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus (immunosuppresive drugs)?
Can cause acute or chronic renal failure
What disease has the highest recurrence rate of coming back if the patient gets a renal transplant ?
Diabetes
What are the characteristics of HIV & AIDS?
- General characteristics of HIV - 6 slides
- RNA virus (retrovirus)
Affects T cells (cell mediated)
Viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases associated with AIDS
Pneumocystis (fungus) - most common lung infection in AIDS patients
How HIV transmitted (6 ways)
Cell mediated is depressed
How low do CD4 T-cells have to be before they are clinically placed from HIV to AIDS?
<200mm4 CD4 T-cell count
Cocaine - General characteristics
Where is it extracted from?
Alkaloid extract from leaves of coca plant
Extraction of pure alkaloid from cocaine hydrochloride yields a solid form of “free base” called crack
Methamphetamine - Difference between crack and crank?
Which is parent drug and which is metabolite?
- Amphetamine is a metabolite
- Know that Meth is easy to make and cheap - High is longer than coke
Heroin:
- How does it work on the brain?
- What triggers the habit forming aspect?
- When heroin is broken down, it gets broken down into what two opiates?
- Works on opioid peptide receptors (enkephalins and endorphins) found in CNS, endocrine, GI, and cardiovascular system
- Opiates produce progressive tolerance and need for increasing doses to achieve desired effects
- morphine and codeine
Heroin is synthetic (breaks down into other products rapidly) Breakdown products (metabolites)
1.
Where do you find most enamel erosion in anorexic patients with tooth decay?
Inside lingual surface of upper front teeth
What is the Nursing development of caries?
Strept Mutans
What is the pathophysiology of Pregnancy gingivitis?
Increasing pregnancy hormone levels (ex. Progesterone) may enhance growth of oral bacteria
(Number 24) - Cancer Staging
- Who does staging?
- What does T, N, and M stand for in staging?
- oncologist
- Tumor size, Lymph Node status, Metastasis
(Number 25) - Cancer Grading
- Who does grading?
- How many grades?
- What is the best grade for Oral?
- What’s another name for Grade III?
- Pathologist
- 3 - Mild, moderate, severe
- Grade I
- Poorly differentiated (very active and likely to metastasize)
Another name for cancer is what?
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia
Anaplasia - no bueno
