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BIOL 240 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

Toward CNS

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2
Q

Efferent

A

Away from CNS

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3
Q

Sensory

A

Signals picked up by sensory receptors (afferent)

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4
Q

Motor

A

Signals carried away from the CNS (efferent)

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5
Q

Somatic

A

skin, skeletal musculature, bones

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6
Q

Visceral

A

digestive tube, lungs, heart, bladder, etc.

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7
Q

Sensory input

A

receptors monitor stimuli inside and outside the body

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8
Q

Integration

A

processes, interprets and assimilates experiences

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9
Q

Motor output

A

Responds; muscle contraction, glandular secretion

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10
Q

Functions of Nervous System

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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11
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

PNS

A

Cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia

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13
Q

Sensory (Afferent signals)

A

Picked up by sensory receptors in the PNS and carried to the CNS

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14
Q

Motor (Efferent signals)

A

Carried away from the CNS to innervate muscles and glands

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15
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of neuron bodies in the CNS

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16
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuron bodies in PNS

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17
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in CNS

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18
Q

Fibers

A

Bundles of axons in PNS

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19
Q

Gray matter

A

Short nonmyelinated interneurons, cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons, neuroglia

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20
Q

White matter

A

Fiber tracts of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons, neuroglia

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21
Q

Somatic Sensory

A

Receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses

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22
Q

Visceral Sensory

A

Receives sensory information from viscera

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23
Q

Somatic Motor

A

“Voluntary nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Visceral Motor

A

“Involuntary” nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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25
Q

Glials cells

A

Found in CNS/PNS, capable of mitosis, protect and nourish neurons, provide organized and supporting framework, more abundant than neurons, not capable of impulse transmission

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26
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shape
Most abundant of glial cells
Connect neurons to blood vessels, control flow of substances, control chemical composition, provide framework and support, replace neurons, resynthesize neurotransmitter, regulate neuron connect in the fetal brain

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27
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells found in ventricles/central canal of the spinal cord, have basal projections to contact other glial cells, have cilia to help circulate CSF, form choroid plexus along with blood vessels, produce CSF

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28
Q

Microglia

A

Small cells with projections, not abundant, do not originate in nervous tissue, modified WBC, phagocytic activity: remove debris

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29
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Large cells with globular bodies and slender projections, form myelin sheaths in axons for insulation, projection and nourishment. One cell can wrap around multiple axons

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30
Q

Satellite cells

A

Flattened cells around neuronal body in ganglia, regulate nutrient and waste exchange, SIMILAR IN FUNCTION TO ASTROCYTES

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31
Q

Neurolemmocytes

A

Surround axons to insulate, protect and nourish; form myelin sheaths. SIMILAR IN FUNCTION TO OLIGODENDROCYTES

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32
Q

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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33
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

typical sensory neuron

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34
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

rare, found in retina, nose, inner ear

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35
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

most common type, motor and interneurons, cell body mostly in CNS

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36
Q

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons

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37
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Originate in sensory receptors, respond to stimuli, travel to CNS

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38
Q

Motor neurons

A

Originate in CNS, travel to an effector (muscle/gland)

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39
Q

Interneurons

A

Located between motor and sensory neurons, found in CNS, make up 99.98% of neurons in the body

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40
Q

What is myelination?

A

The process by which part of an axon is wrapped with myelin sheath

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41
Q

What is myelin?

A

Myelin is mostly fat made of plasma membrane of glial cells. It give sthe white color in CNS/PNS. It insulates, protects and nourishes

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42
Q

Structure of a Nerve

A

Cable-like oragns in the PNS
Consist of numerous axons wrapped in connective tissue
Most nerves contain both myelinated and nonmyelinated sensory and motor axons
Axon is surrounded by Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

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43
Q

SYNAPSES

A

Specialized junctions where axons contact other neurons, muscle cells or glands
In neurons, synapses occur anywhere (body, dendrites, telodendria) except on regions covered by myelin sheath. Axon-dendrite synapse is more common

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44
Q

What are the types of synapses?

A

Electrical, chemical

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45
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Both membrane of pre- and postsynaptic neuron bond together
Closer than in a chemical synapse
BIDIRECTIONAL
Fast, secure flow of ions
NOT COMMON IN BRAIN TISSUE
FOUDN IN SMOOTH MUSCLE AND CARDIAC MUSCLE (AT INTERCALATED DISCS)

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46
Q

Chemical synapse

A

More common,
signaling molecular
Ach is the most common
Unidirectional

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47
Q

What factors influence rate of conduction and why?

A

AXON DIAMETER - the greater the diameter, the faster the conduction
PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF MYELIN
CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION - nervous impulse must travel entire length of axon
SALTATORY CONDUCTION - only on exposed regions (node of Ranvier); less energy

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48
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes

A

One synapse
No interneuron
Knee jerk

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49
Q

Polysynaptic

A

Multiple synapses
Interneurons
Withdrawal

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50
Q

General regions of brain

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem

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51
Q

Specific regions of diencephalon

A

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

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52
Q

Specific regions of brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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53
Q

Types of cranial meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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54
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost, tough membrane; outer periosteal layer against the bone; forms dural venous sinuses draining blood from brain; supportive structure formed by dura mater (falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli)

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55
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Spider web filamentous layer

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56
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin vascular layer adherent to contours of brain

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57
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

Third ventricle, fourth ventricle, lateral ventricles, cerebral aqueduct

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58
Q

Function of ventricles of the brain

A

Circulate CSF

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59
Q

CSF

A

Clear liquid fills ventricles and canals, flows in SUBARACHNOID SPACE

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60
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Functions: buoyancy – floats brain
Protection – cushions from hitting inside of skull
Chemical stability – rinses away waste

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61
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

CSF cannot circulate or drain properly – fluid build up causes increased pressure on the brain

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62
Q

Flow of CSF

A

Formed by choroid plexuses –> ventricles –> central canal of spinal cord –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid villi of dural sinus

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63
Q

Fissures

A

deep grooves

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64
Q

Sulcus

A

shallow grooves

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65
Q

Gyrus

A

elevated folds

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66
Q

Cortex

A

surface layer of gray matter on brain

67
Q

Function of left cerebral hemisphere

A

Speech, verbalization, math, logic

68
Q

Function of right cerebral hemisphere

A

Visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion

69
Q

Cerebral lobes

A

Parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal, insula

70
Q

Frontal

A

Voluntary motor for planning, mood, smell, social judgment

71
Q

Parietal

A

Integrates sensory in shapes, textures, speech

72
Q

Occipital

A

Optical

73
Q

Temporal

A

Hearing, emotional behavior, learning, memory, smell

74
Q

Insula

A

Memory and taste

75
Q

What consists of gray matter?

A

Neuron bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, glial cells (LOCATED IN MIDDLE OF SPINAL CORD; LOCATED IN OUTSIDE AND INSIDE OF BRAIN)

76
Q

What consists of white matter?

A

Dendrites, myelinated axons, glial cells (LOCATED ON OUTSIDE OF SPINAL CORD AND MIDDLE OF BRAIN)

77
Q

Classification of fibers within white matter of the cerebrum

A

Commissural fibers, association fibers, projection fibers

78
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connecting cerebral hemispheres

79
Q

Association fibers

A

Connecting different parts of same hemisphere

80
Q

Projection fibers

A

Running vertically (ascending fibers carrying sensory information, descending motor information)

81
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Masses of gray matter deep to cerebral cortex

Involved in motor control (start, stop and regulate intensity of voluntary movements ordered by cerebral cortex)

82
Q

Functions of gray matter

A

Basal forebrain nuclei: associated with memory, learning, arousal ,motor control, associated with synthesis and release of Ach
Claustrum: unknown function
Cerebral cortex: gyri and sulci increase SA
Area of complex functions (memory, abstraction, creativity, judgment)
Neurons arranged in layers; 47 structural areas based on thickness of layers

83
Q

Functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Sensory areas, association areas, motor areas

84
Q

Sensory areas

A

Conscious awareness of sensation

85
Q

Association areas

A

Integrate information

86
Q

Motor areas

A

Control voluntary motor functions

87
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Located in the frontal lobe

Primary motor cortex

88
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Located in the parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

Primary somatosensory cortex

89
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips; transmits that to primary motor cortex for action

Lesion = motor (nonfluent) aphasia
Know what they want to say but can’t say it
Inability to coordinate muscles controlling speech

90
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

permits recognition of spoken & written
language

Fluent aphasia
Words are easily spoken but those used are incorrect

91
Q

Specific regions of diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

92
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Inferior to thalamus
Relay station for smell
LINKS NERVOUS SYSTEM TO ENDOCRINE SYSTEM VIA PITUITARY GLAND
Major regulator of homeostasis:
Controls/integrates ANS; seat of rage/aggression, body temp, hunger and the satiety, thirst; maintains waking state and sleep patterns thru pineal gland

93
Q

Epithalamus

A

Gets smaller with age (7)
Neural stimulus- sympathetic division of ANS
Melatonin helps regulate circadian rhythm

94
Q

Thalamus

A

Paired organ, located superior to midbrain
Contains 12 major nuclei
Relay station for all sensory EXCEPT SMELL to cerebral cortex

95
Q

Specific regions of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

96
Q

Functions of the brainstem

A

Bidirectional passageway for tracts between cerebrum-spinal cord
Innervation of face/head; 10 of 12 cranial nerves attach here
Automatic behaviors necessary for survival
Integrates auditory and visual reflexes

97
Q

Midbrain

A

Lies between diencephalon and pons

Mediates visual and auditory reflexes

98
Q

Pons

A

Pathway between cerebellum and cerebral cortex
Middle cerebellar peduncle connects pons to cerebellum
Relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

99
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects medulla to cerebellum
Projection fibers decussate here
Heart rate, respiratory rate
Adjusts blood vessel diameter
Reflex centers for coughin, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping

100
Q

Cerebellum

A

Functions in the coordination of skeletal muscle contractions and MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL MUSCLE TONE, POSTURE AND BALANCE
Compares motor output of the primary motor area to sensory data from body (proprioceptors, vision, cochlea, etc)

101
Q

Functions of spinal cord

A

Involved in sensory and motor innervation of body below head
White matter: 2-way conduction pathway
Gray matter: major center of reflexes
Extends from foramen magnum to L2
Connected to 31 PAIRS of MIXED spinal nerves

102
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

supplies upper limbs

103
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

supplies lower limbs

104
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Tapered inferior end

105
Q

Cauda equine

A

Individual spinal nerves within spinal canal

106
Q

Filum terminale

A

Filamentous end of meninges

107
Q

White matter of spinal cord

A

3 columns: posterior, lateral, anterior

108
Q

Fiber tracts

A

All axons within a tract relay the same information in the same direction

109
Q

Ascending tracts

A

carry sensory information toward the brain

110
Q

Descending tracts

A

carry motor commands to spinal cord

111
Q

Commissural tracts

A

carry information from one side of the spinal cord to the other

112
Q

Anterior horns

A

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

113
Q

Lateral horns

A

Cell bodies of autonomic motor

114
Q

Posterior horns

A

Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of int`erneurons

115
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Sensitive to stimuli arising from outside body

116
Q

Interoceptors

A

(Visceroreceptors) from internal viscera

117
Q

Propioceptors

A

Monitor degree of stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and ligaments

118
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to touch, pressure, vibrations

119
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Respond to changes in blood pressure

120
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to temperature changes

121
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to molecules tasted or smelled and changed in blood chemistry

122
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light

123
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Respond to harmful stimuli (extreme heat and cold) that result in pain

124
Q

I

A

Olfactory, sensory

V.S.: Smell, damage impairs sense of smell

125
Q

II

A

Optic, sensory

Vision, not a true nerve, damage causes blindness (no regeneration)

126
Q

III

A

Oculomotor, mixed

VM/SM: Provides eye movement, damage causes ptosis (drooping eyelid) and double vision

127
Q

IV

A

Trochlear, mixed

Moves eye down and out

128
Q

V

A

Trigeminal, both
Main sensory nerve to face and muscles of mastication
Damage produces loss of sensation and impaired chewing/increased pain
Largest of cranial nerves

129
Q

VI

A

Abducens, mixed
Moves eye laterally (abduction)
Damage results in ability to move eye latearlly

130
Q

VII

A

Facial, both
Facial expressions, sense of taste on front 2/3 of tongue, salivary glands/tear, nasal/palatine glands
Damage = sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste (called Bell’s Palsy

131
Q

VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear, sensory
Provides hearing/balance
Damage = deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance

132
Q

IX

A

Glossopharyngeal, both
Control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, sensations from back of tongue, control of BP and respiration
Damage = loss of bitter/sour tastes and impaired swallowing

133
Q

X

A

Vagus, both
Only cranial nerve that extends beyond neck
Provides swallowing, speech, regulation of 2/3 of GI tract
Damage = impaired voice, swallowing/digestion

134
Q

XI

A

Accessory, mixed
Arises from BOTH brain/spinal cord
Contracts upper trap muscles
Damge = impaired shoulder movement

135
Q

XII

A

Hypoglossal, mixed
Provides tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing
Damge = inability to protrude tongue

136
Q

How many spinal nerves do we have?

A

31 pairs

137
Q

What are dermatomes? Why are they clinically important?

A

Area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
Used in determining level of spinal injuries
Anesthetic injection for surgery
SHingles

138
Q

Posterior (dorsal) ramus

A

Innervate deep muscles of the trunk responsible for movements of the vertebral column and the connective tissue and the skin near the midline of the back

139
Q

Anterior (ventral) ramus

A 
Thoracic region: form intercostal nerves the innervate the intercostal muscles and the skin over the thorax
C1-C4 = cervical plexus
C5-T1 = brachial plexus
L1-L4 = lumbar plexus
L4-S4 = sacral plexus
S4-S5 = coccygeal plexus
140
Q

Nerve plexus

A

Networks of successive ANTERIOR rami that exchange fibers (crisscross and redistribute)
Mainly innervate the limbs
THORACIC ANTERIOR RAMI DO NOT FORM NERVE PLEXUSES

141
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Formed by ventral rami of C1-C4
Motor: Innervates muscles of the neck
Sensory: skin of upper chest, shoulder, neck and ear

142
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1
Serves upper limbs and shoulder girdle
Main branches/nerves: axillary, radial, musclocutaneous, ulnar, median

143
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

Formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves L1-L4

144
Q

Sacral plexus

A

Formed by ventral rami of L4-S4

145
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

Usually considered together because of close relationship. Contains four major nerves to the lower limb

146
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Cervical plexus; from c3-c5, innervates diaphragm, neck injuries can be lethal

147
Q

Axillary nerve

A

Brachial plexus; motor: innervates deltoid/teres minor; sensory: from skin of the lateral shoulder

148
Q

Radial nerve

A

Brachial plexus; motor: stimulates extensor muscles of arm, forearm and hand
Sensory: from skin on posterior surface of arm/forearm, lateral 2/3 of dorsum of hand
Damage due to compression which results in crutch paralysis; major symptom is ‘wrist drop’

149
Q

Musculotaneous nerve

A

Brachial plexus; motor: stimulates flexors in anterior arm (causes flexion movements at shoulder/elbow); sensory: from skin along lateral surface of forearm

150
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Brachial plexus: Motor: Stimulates flexor muscles in anterior forearm; Sensory: from skin on medial surface of hand, little finger, medial surface of ring finger
Most easily damaged
Hitting funny bone excites it

151
Q

Medial nerve

A

Brachial plexus; Motor; innervates all but one of the flexors of the wrist/fingers and thenar muscles at the base of the thumb; Sensory: from skin of anterolateral 2/3 palm, thumb, index and middle fingers; lateral surface of ring finger
Damaged in carpal tunnel and suicide attempts

152
Q

Femoral nerve

A

Lumbar plexus; Motor: innervates anterior muscles of thigh/flexors and adductors of the hip; Sensory: from skin of the anterior/lateral thigh, medial surface of leg/foot

153
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Sacral plexus; THICKEST AND LONGEST NERVE OF THE BODY; innervates posterior thigh/entire lower leg.
Composed of 2 nerves.
Sciatic nerve injury: (fall, disc herniation) leg is nearly useless, cannot be flexes, foot/ankle movement is lost, footdrop

154
Q

Breakdown of spinal nerve pairs

A 
Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 1
155
Q

Differences between the ANS/SNS

A

ANS
Effector: glands/smooth muscle/cardiac muscle
Ganglia: yes
Neurotransmitter: Ach/Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
Myelin cover: pre-ganglionic
Number of motor neurons: two
Structure of motor neuron: one in myelinated (pre-ganglionic), one is not. There is a ganglion in between them.

SNS
Effector: skeletal muscle
Ganglia: No
Neurotransmitter: Ach
Myelin cover: yes
Number of motor neurons: one
Structure of motor neuron: one myelinated motor neuron
156
Q

Differences between the sympathetic/parasympathetic divisions

A

SYMPATHETIC:
Fight, flight, fright
Thoracolumbar: all neurons in the lateral horn of gray matter T1-L2
Lead to every part of the body
Norepinephrine is neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic fibers
Anatomically and functionally more complex than parasympathetic: two types of sympathetic ganglia (trunk/collateral ganglia), rami communicantes

PARASYMPATHETIC
Rest and digest
Craniosacral system because all preganglionic neurons are in brain steam or sacral levels of spinal cord
Only innervate internal organs
Ach is neurotransmitter at end organ as well as preganglionic synapse

157
Q

Synapse in trunk ganglion at the same level

A

Begins in lateral horn of gray matter, goes thru ventral root, crosses thru white ramus communicans, synapses, crosses thru gray ramus communicans, thru ventral ramus, to effector organ

158
Q

Synapse in trunk ganglion at a higher/lower level

A

Begins in lateral horn of gray matter, crosses through ventral root, crosses thru white ramus communicans, moves up (or down) to next ganglion where it synapses, then crosses thru that gray ramus communicans, thru ventral ramus, to effector organ

159
Q

Pass thru sympathetic trunk to synapse in a collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column

A

Begins in lateral horn of gray matter, crosses thru ventral root, crosses thru white ramus, bypasses ganglion to a collateral ganglion where it synapses, to effector organ

160
Q

Cranial outflow

A

OCULOMOTOR NERVE – pupils constrict
FACIAL NERVE – tears, nasal mucus, saliva
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE – parotid salivary gland
VAGUS NERVE – visceral organs of thorax and abdomen (stimulates digestive glands, increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract, decreases heart rate, causes bronchial constriction)

161
Q

Antagonistic effects

A

Oppose each other
Exerted thru dual innervation of same effector (heart rate decreases is para, hear rate increases is sympa)
Exerted because each division innervated different cells (pupillary dilator muscle (sympa) dilates pupil, constrictor pupillae (parasympa) constricts pupil

162
Q

Cooperative effects

A

Best seen in external genitalia – parasympathetic fibers cause vasolidation and are responsible for erection of the penis and clitoris, sympathetic fibers cause ejaculation of semen in males and reflex peristalsis in females

163
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

increase in firing frequency

164
Q

Vasodilation

A

decrease in firing frequency

BIOL 240 (1 decks)

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