Exam 3 Flashcards
Which derived features are shared by modern humans and Homo ergaster? Which derived features are unique to H. ergaster?
Homo ergaster
Shared Derived Traits with modern humans:
- Small, less prognathic face
- Small teeth
- Large brain (up to 1100 cc…)
Unique Derived Traits:
- Large browridges
- Occipital torus
What does the specimen KNM-WT 15000 tell us about H. ergaster?
KNM WT 15000: Nariokotome boy from Lake Turkana
Body Size and Shape
- Skeleton indicates a tall, linear body of robust proportions.
- 5½ to 6 feet tall; Long legs, narrow hips & shoulders, short arms, barrel shaped chest
- This body build indicates that ergaster was committed to life on the ground and capable of running long distances
- Heat dissipation through sweating
Development
- faster life histories and shorter childhoods than previously thought. (He was 5ft tall at an estimated age of 8 or 9)
Vertebrae
- Smaller spinal canal suggests less breathing control (Evidence against the existence of language in Homo ergaster)
What is a hand ax, and what did H. ergaster use it for? How do we know?
The hand ax is a mode 2 or “Ascheulean” tool. It is teardrop shaped created by removing flakes from a core. H. ergaster used it for several things, including:
- Butchering large animals
- Digging up tubers, burrowing animals, and water
- Stripping bark from trees to get the nutritious cambium layer underneath
- Hurling at prey animals
- dispensing flake tools
What evidence suggests that H. ergaster controlled fire?
- Burned seeds, wood, and flint artifacts found at the site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov in Israel-These items represent a small fraction of material at the site, making it unlikely that they were burned in a wild fire.
- Burned bones, but these are less convincing
- In order to digest tubers, ergaster would have had to have cooked them first. Though we have no direct evidence, tubers would have been an important part of ergaster’s diet in order to support such a large brain.
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What evidence suggests that H. ergaster ate significant amounts of meat? Is the evidence for H. ergaster carnivory better than that for the Oldowan hominins? Explain.
- intesitnal parasites
- symptoms of vitamin A poisoning in H. ergaster woman
- teeth made more for biting and tearing meat rather than chewing tough plant foods
- elephant bones show cut marks from stone tools
- hand axes seemed suitable for animal butchery
What are the main differences between H. ergaster and H. erectus? How would you explain the evolution of these differences?
H. erectus:
- Face was more massive
- walls of the cranium were thicker
- cranium was lower and less domed
- brow ridges are more pronounced and bar like
- sides of the skull slope more steeply
- occipital torus is more pronounced
- sagittal keel is present
- shorter and stockier postcranial features
Homo ergaster, who precedes erectus by 1mya, more closely resembles AMHs. Differences in features may have had to do with climate, and living conditions. erectus had to endure harsher environmental conditions.
Using present-day examples, describe the variation in climate during the Middle Pleistocene. Why is this variation important for understanding human evolution?
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How is H. heidelbergensis different from H. erectus?
Derived features relative to H. erectus
1. Large brains
(1200-1300 cc)
2. Higher foreheads (but
still receding)
3. Rounded occipital
areas (less angular)
4. Double arched brow
ridges
5. Large nasal aperture
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What important technological transition occurred about 300 kya? Why was it important?
Levalloise tool technique
When: 300 kya
Where: Africa then later W. Eurasia
What: Mode 3 Large, flakes knocked off of a prepared core
Evidence suggests that these tools were hafted (attached to a wooden handle); this is an important innovation as it increases the efficiency with which humans can apply force to stone tools
Explain why the fossils found at Sima de los Huesos are significant.
They are significant because they provide evidence that hominins in Europe began to develop a distinctive cranial morphology by 300 kya that they shared with the Neandertals
The large variable sample at Sima de los Huesos answered the question of whether or not a single variable population existed in Europe or many different populations. One single varialble population existed according to this evidence
What is the crural index? What does it measure? How does the crural index of the Neanderthals differ from that of modern tropical peoples?
The crural index is the ratio of the length of the shinbone (tibia) to the length of the thighbone (femur).
Neandertals have a lower crural index compared to modern tropical peoples. This means that their limbs were shorter; this was to keep them warm in a cold climate…
How did the Neanderthals differ from their contemporaries in Africa and eastern Asia?
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What evidence suggests that western Eurasia was subjected to repeated invasions from Africa during the Middle Pleistocene?
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What derived anatomical features distinguish modern humans from other hominins?
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Explain why it is possible to make phylogenetic trees for mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome but not for other chromosomes. Why is it possible to make phylogenetic trees for individual genes on other chromosomes?
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Explain why mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome trees are consistent with the hypothesis that modern humans evolved in Africa and then later spread across the rest of the globe.
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Suppose you were able to choose three fossils to extract DNA from and that your goal was to test the hypothesis that humans evolved in Africa. Which three would you pick? Explain why.
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What does the sequencing of Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes tell us that we could learn from the study of fossils or the genomes of living peoples?
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How do worldwide patterns of genetic variation support the idea that humans spread from Africa across Eurasia and Australia?
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Describe what the archaeological record tells us about the pattern of human behavior across the world between 100 and 30 kya. What facts are widely accepted? Which are in dispute?
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Describe the main differences between the tools of Upper Paleolithic peoples and those of their predecessors.
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What evidence suggests that Upper Paleolithic peoples were better able to cope with their environments?
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Homo habilis
List Dates Known, Distribution and Paleohabitat
Dates Known:
Distribution:
Paleohabitat
Homo habilis
List Brain Size, Key Features, and Importance
Brian Size:
Key Features:
Importance:
Homo rudolfensis
List Dates Known, Distribution, and Paleohabitat
Dates Known:
Distribution:
Paleohabitat:
Homo rudolfensis
List Brain Size, Key Features, and Importance
Brain Size:
Key Features:
Importance:
Supraorbital Torus (Shape/Size)
H. erectus/ergaster:
H. heidelbergensis (or “archaic” H. sapiens):
H. neanderthalensis:
H. sapiens (modern):
Supraorbital Torus (Shape/Size)
H. erectus/ergaster:
H. heidelbergensis (or “archaic” H. sapiens):
H. neanderthalensis:
H. sapiens (modern):
Postorbital Constriction
H. erectus/ergaster:
H. heidelbergensis (or “archaic” H. sapiens):
H. neanderthalensis:
H. sapiens (modern):
Postorbital Constriction
H. erectus/ergaster:
H. heidelbergensis (or “archaic” H. sapiens):
H. neanderthalensis:
H. sapiens (modern):
Contour of Occipital
H. erectus/ergaster:
H. heidelbergensis (or “archaic” H. sapiens):
H. neanderthalensis:
H. sapiens (modern):
Contour of Occipital
H. erectus/ergaster: angular, but less so in ergaster
H. heidelbergensis (or “archaic” H. sapiens): rounded occipital areas (less angular)-variable
H. neanderthalensis: Occipital Bun
H. sapiens (modern): Limited development of occipital torus or bun
Sagittal/nuchal cresting or keeling
H. erectus/ergaster:
H. heidelbergensis (or “archaic” H. sapiens):
H. neanderthalensis:
H. sapiens (modern):
Sagittal/nuchal cresting or keeling
H. erectus/ergaster: No sagittal crest, keel found in erectus only, pronounced occipital torus and nuchal crest?
H. heidelbergensis (or “archaic” H. sapiens): No sagittal crest or keel; pronounced occipital torus and nuchal crest*
H. neanderthalensis: no sagittal crest or keel, Occipital bun present
H. sapiens (modern): No sagittal crest or keeling, and no occipital bun, torus, or nuchal cresting