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Epidemiology Exam 3 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Intestinal Infection caused by Adult stage Tapeworm where Humans are the Definitive Hosts who are Infected by Eating Undercooked Beef or Pork with Tapeworm Cysts

A

Taeniasis

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1
Q

Tapeworm that Leads to Human Taeniasis when a Human eats Cysts in Pork leading to Adult Tapeworm in the GIT

A

Taenia Solium

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2
Q

Salmonella ____ Causes Egg-Associated Salmonellosis that infects Healthy Appearing Hens and is Associated with eating Raw or Undercooked Eggs

A

Enteritidis

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2
Q

Epidemiology aimed at Identifying and Determining the Strength, Importance, and Statistical Significane of Associations between Exposures and Outcomes

A

Analytical

*Associations

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3
Q

Which of these correctly describes a Very Specific Test

A. many true positive test results

b. many true negative test results
c. few true positive test results
d. few true negative test results

A

Many True Negative Test Results

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4
Q

Carcass that is Acceptable for use as Human Food

A

Passed

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4
Q

Primary mode of Transmission of Rotavirus

A

Fecal-Oral

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4
Q

Parasite Transmitted to Humans via Ingestion of Infected Animals that leads to Cyst formation in muscle

A

Trichinella Spiralis

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5
Q

Individual who Found the Source of Cholera Outbreak in 1854 as water from a Street Pump who associated Water from the Pump with Disease without Knowing anything about Bacteria

A

John Snow

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6
Q

When Humans eat the Eggs of this Tapeworm, Cysts can form in the Brain leading to Neurcysterercosis

A

Taenia Solium

*Human Cystercercosis

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7
Q

Most Prevalent Virus on Cruise Ships

A

Norovirus

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7
Q

Model for Representing Component causes resulting in Disease where Each complete Pie is a set of Component causes that is Sufficient to cause Disease

A

Rothman’s Pies

*Ken Rothman

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7
Q

The proportion of Non Diseased Animals that the Test correctly Classifies as Negative

A

Specificity

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8
Q

True/False: Federal Meat Inspection Act Requires Meat Processing Plants to be under Daily Inspection

A

True

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9
Q

Main Reservoir of Staphylococcus Aureus

A

People

*Skin and Nose of Many Healthy People

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10
Q

A component Cause that is a Member of Every Sufficient Cause

A

Necessary Cause

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12
Q

Inspection Needed to Transport Meat within a States Boundaries

A

State Inspection

*Intrastate ONLY

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13
Q

Act that Requires Inspection of Poultry and Poultry Products that Ensures Poultry is Wholesome, not adulterated and Labeled Properly

A

Poultry Products Inspection Act

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14
Q

Type of Pasteurization where Milk Flows through a Heated Tube with Carefully monitored Transit Time and Temperature leading to Less of a “Cooked” Flavor than Batch Pasteurization

A

Continuous-Flow Pasteurization

*aka High Temperature Short Time

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14
Q

Picornavirus that Replicates in the Liver that accounts for 90% of Viral Hepatitis Infections worldwide and the Majority of Infections are Asymptomatic

A

Hepatitis A

*Fecal-Oral Route

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15
Q

Most Common Cause of Foodborne Illness World Wide

A

Norovirus

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15
Q

Virus that has an Incubation of about 48 hours with duration of Illness up to 7 days that is very common in Children and Day Cares leading to Diarrhea

A

Rotavirus

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16
Q

The only Non-Spore Forming Bacteria that causes Intoxication

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

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17
Q

What type of Test produce a lot of False Positives

A

Low Specificity

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17
Q

A Test with Poor Specificity produces a lot of False ____

A

Positives

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19
Q

True/False: Cattle Carcass with Dark Firm Dry meat is Condemed

A

False

*Carcass is downgraded and passed for Human Consumption

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20
Q

Grade ___ Milk is Milk for liquid Consumption and any Interstate Commerce

A

A

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21
Q

Carcass that can be used for Human Food with Restrictions: only if Heated, Cooked, Refrigerated ect.

A

Restricted

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22
Q

If You Own a Slaughter House in Florida and want to Sell Meat to a Slaughter Hourse in New York, Would you need State or Federal Approval?

A

Federal

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23
Q

Anaerobic Gram Positive Spore forming Bacteria that is Found in Soil, Streams, Lakes, and Honey that is Transmitted when food is contaminated with the Spores

A

Clostridium Botulinum- Botulism

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23
Q

Sensitivity is Estimated by Testing ____Animals

A

Diseased

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23
Q

Test with 100% ____ Correctly Classifies all Diseased animals as Positive BUT doesn’t tell you anything about how well the test performs on Non-Diseased Animals

A

Sensitivity

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23
Q

A Test with Poor Sensitivity produces a lot of False ____

A

Negatives

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24
Q

If a Carcass has Pigmentation changes due to Localized Melanosis, Xanthosis, or Localized Bruises and Skin Conditions then the Carcass is ____ and passed

A

Trimmed

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24
Q

Federal Agency that Regulates Shell Eggs in the US, Milk Pasteurization, Seafood (Except Catfish), Fruits and Vegetables ect.

A

FDA

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26
Q

FSIS prohibits the Slaughter of Cattle that are not able to Stand or Walk known as ___ Cattle

A

Downer

*Do not Slaughter Downer Cattle!

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28
Q

Carcass not to be used to Human Food, must be destroyed by Rendering, Incineration ect.

A

Condemned

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29
Q

Animal that Tests TB skin Test positive, the TB-infected tissues are removed and remainder of tissue may be passed for ____ Only

A

Cooking

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30
Q

Inspection Needed to Transport Meat Between States or Export

A

Federal Inspection

*Interstate or Export

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31
Q

Step of the Outbreak Process where you Decide if there Truly is an Outbreak

A

Establish if it is an Outbreak

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32
Q

Spiral Shaped Gram Negative Bacteria associated with Summertime that is carried in many Poultry Species that is Transmitted to Humans by Contaminted Food

A

Campylobacter Jejuni

*90% of Poultry are infected with Campylobacter Jejuni

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33
Q

Tapeworm of Seafood that Humans can get by Ingestion of Raw Infected fresh water or Anadromous Fish that is the Largest Human Tapeworm that leads to Minor bloating and Anaemia

A

Diphyllobothrium Latum

*Prevention: Freeze and Cook fish well

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33
Q

You estimate ___ by getting a Group of Test Negative Animals and Determine how many are non-diseased

A

Negative Predictive Value

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34
Q

Added, Foreign or Interior Substance that cannot be Removed by Trimming

A

Adulterated

*Ex. Hormones

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35
Q

Taenia ___ is Almost Always Generalized and the Carcass will be Condemned

A

Solium

*KNOW THIS

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35
Q

Measuring Sensitivity Produces what Two Results

A

True Positive

False Negative

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36
Q

Bacteria that contains Neurotoxin and Very small infective dose that lasts up to 8 Days and Causes Botulism in Infants under 12 Months of Age that Eat Honey

A

Clostridium Botulinum

*Flaccid Paralysis- Don’t give honey to children less than 1 year of Age

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36
Q

_____ Neurocyticercosis in Humans leads to Death in 50-80% of Patients and is the leading cause of Seizure Epilepsy in Developing Worlds

A

Taenia Solium

*Larvae encyst in Brain!!!

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36
Q

An event, Condition, or Characterisitc which plays an essential Role in Producing an occurrence of the Disease

A

Cause

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37
Q

Which of these Correctly Describes a Very Sensitive Test

A. Many True Positive Test results

B. many False positive Test results

C. Few True positive test results

D. Few False positive Test Results

A

Many True Positive Test Results

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38
Q

Intergovernmental Body that Coordinates Food Standards at the International Level with the main objective to Protect the health of Consumers and ensure fair Practices in Food Trade. Also Sets standards for a Wide range of Food Products and Specific Requirements covering pesticide Residues, Food additives, Labeling ect.

A

Codex Alimentarius Commission

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39
Q

Parasite that can lead to Congenital Defets and Abortion in Pregnant Women

A

Toxoplasma Gondii

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40
Q

___ Law has Jurisdiction over Foods for Intra-State Commerce

A

State

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40
Q

Most Important Route of Transmission of Hepatitis A

A

Fecal-Oral

*Sex partners, Poor Personal Hygiene

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42
Q

4 Exemptions to the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA)

A
  1. Slaughter for Personal Use
  2. Retail Dealers that only Cut up Chicken Carcasses for Consumers
  3. Farmers with Less than 1000 Poultry Annually with Sanitary Conditions who sell Directly to Consumers
  4. Small Processors, Including Restaurants, for Intrastate sale only handling less than 20,000 Birds/year
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43
Q

Second Step of Milk Processing

A

Separate Milk with Different Amounts of Fat

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44
Q

Virus that leads to Nausea and Vomiting, as well as Jaundice and Elevated ALT and AST

A

Hepatitis A

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46
Q

Grade ___ Milk is Defined and Regulated by the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance

A

A

46
Q

Nematode of Seafood that Burrows in the Stomach Lining of Infected Humans that causes Cough, Tingling in Throat, Abdnominal Pain, Vomiting, Diarrhea ect. that Humans get due to Ingestion of Raw Infected Fish

A

Anisakis

*Prevention: Freezing and Proper cooking

48
Q

____ Officially makes Regulations on Seafood

A

FDA

49
Q

Restrictions applied to Carcasses that are TB Reactors, Caseous Lymphadenitis, Swine Cystercerosis, and Non-Transmissible Parasites

A

Cooking- 170 Degrees for 30 Minutes

49
Q

Measuring Specificity produces what Two Results?

A

True Negative

False Positives

50
Q

Post Mortem effect on Meat due to Depletion of Glycogen

A

Pale Soft Exudative

*Common in Swine

50
Q

Animal with a History of Recent Illness or Medication or with Signs Indicative of Localized Disease Condition are considered ____

A

Suspect

51
Q

Major Source of Transmission of Trichinella Spiralis to People

A

Pork

52
Q

Specificity is Estimated by Testing ____ Animals

A

Non Diseased

53
Q

Bacterial Organsim common in Seafood that can lead to Diarrhea, Cramps, and Vomiting that can be Prevented with Proper Handling and Cooking of Seafood

A

Vibrio Vulnificus

*Waters with Abundant Vibrio are normally Closed for Fishing and Swimming

54
Q

Fish Toxin that is also called Histamine Fish Poisoning that is due to Spoilage and Poor Storage of Tuna, Mackerel, Mahi Mahi and Marlin that causes Swelling of the mouth, Nausea, Vomiting ect

A

Scrombotoxin

*Prevention- Refrigerate Fish after Catching

55
Q

A very ____ Test will Produce very Few False Negatives where Most Negative Results are from Non-Diseased Animals

A

Sensitive

57
Q

____ Animals, clearly exhibit Disease that could Make them Unfit for Human Food

A

Condemned

*Must be Destroyed, Not slaughtered for Food

58
Q

____ is Required for all USA seafood Plants

A

HACCP

*Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points- Managment System

59
Q

Carcasses found to Have Infectious Agents, Toxins, Morbid Tissue, Discolored Tissue, Neoplasia, Fever, and Ketosis are usually _____

A

Condemned

59
Q

Carcass with Taenia ____, if in Localized Lesions can be Trimmed and Passed with the Restriction of Refrigeration and Cooking

A

Saginata

*KNOW THIS

59
Q

Rod-Shaped Gram negative Bacteria that is Widepread as GI Flora in many Species associated with Raw Eggs, Poultry and Milk products where illness lasts about 4-7 days

A

Salmonella

*Very big Cause of Hospitilization and Death in the US

60
Q

Restriction Applied to Carcasses found to have Beef Cystercercosis

A

Refrigeration or Freezing

*And Heating to 140 Degrees before Consumption

62
Q

Stress Associated Pre-Mortem effect on Meat due to Depletion of Muscle Glycogen

A

Dark Firm Dry

*Common in Cattle

63
Q

Which Type of Test produces a lot of False Negative Results

A

Low Sensitivity

64
Q

After Stunning, _____ is Typically used for Killing during Slaughter

A

Exsanguination

64
Q

Virus that has an Incubation period of Only 12 hours with a Duration of Illness up to 72 Hours that causes clinical signs of Nausea, Vomiting, and Watery Diarrhea

A

Norovirus

*Happens Fast and Leaves Fast- Mainly Vomiting

66
Q

True/False: Most Cheese, Butter, Ice Cream, and other Dairy Products are made from Grade B Milk

A

False

*Made from Grade A Milk

68
Q

Federal Agency that Regulates primarily Meat, Poultry and Catfish and Unshelled Egg Products and Imported Shell Eggs

A

USDA

69
Q

True/False: Pale Soft Exudative Pork is condemned at Postmortem Insepction

A

True

*Most common in Pork

70
Q

Inspection of Individual Live animals Prior to Slaughter that Helps to keep Ill Animals out of Food Chain and Reduce Contamination of Abattoir

A

Antemortem Inspection

72
Q

Top Pathogen causing Domestically Acquired Foodborne Illness

A

Norovirus

73
Q

Most common Foodborne Intoxication that causes Vomiting, Diarrhea and cramping that normally lasts around 24 hours

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

74
Q

Two Primary Federal Agencies involved with Food Control Inspection Services

A

USDA

FDA- Regulates 80% of Food eaten in the US

76
Q

Primary Organ of Importance in Organoleptic Detection of Lymphatic System Disease

A

Lymphnodes

*Lymphnodes Function as Filters for Disease. Among the First Tissue to Become Visibly Affected

76
Q

True/False: There is a Meat Inspection program in Place to Prevent Toxoplasma

A

False

*No program

78
Q

Act that Requires Inspection of All Meat Sold from Livestock, Defined as Cattle, Sheep, Swine Goats, and Equids

A

Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA)

78
Q

____ is a common source of Meat Contamination from Soil on Hide, Rumen Contents, Feces ect.

A

Dressing

*Skinned Animal- Need to Prevent Contamination

80
Q

Carcasses with ____ are considered Suspect and Can be Passed with the Restriction of Cooking the Meat if the lesions are Localized and Trimmed

A

Tuberculosis

*Carcass Must be Cooked

81
Q

During Post-Mortem Inspection ____ are Inspected to Detect Diseases such as TB, and Caseous Lymphadenitis

A

Lymphnodes

82
Q

Chart to Look Over

A
83
Q

Answers the Question: “My Patient tested Negative. What is the Probability that my patient does not have the disease”

A

Negative Predictive Value

85
Q

Most common cause of Severe Diarrhea in Children around the World

A

Rotavirus

86
Q

Main Reservoir in Toxoplasma Gondii

A

Cats

88
Q

Important Tapeworm of Seafood that are Found as Larvae in the Muscle of Fish with Mammals as the Definitive Host

A

Diphyllobothrium Latum

89
Q

Animal with Signs Indicative of Generalized Disease Condition are considered ____

A

Condemned

90
Q

Animals that react to the TB Skin Test are considered _____ and extra postmortem Inspection is Required

A

Suspect

*Mycobacterium Bovis

92
Q

Act that Retains Food must be Sanitary, Free of Pathogens, non Adulterated, and Properly Labeled

A

Federal Meat Inspection Act

*Inspection for Safety

93
Q

Epidemiology that Determines if there is an association between an exposure and outcome in a population and how strong the association is

A

Analytical

94
Q

Value that Answers the Question “ My patient tested Positive, what is the Probability it actually has the Disease”

A

Positive Predictive Value

96
Q

During Postmortem Inspection, if the Disease is ____and affects the Majority of the Head, Organ or Carcass retain it for Veterinary Disposition

A

Generalized

*Generalized = Condemned

97
Q

After Pasteurization, the Milk is Cooled and must contain Less than 20,000 Bacteria, less than 10 Coliform Bacteria and must be ____ Test Negative

A

Phophatase

99
Q

_____ Is permitted when there is Local Involvment with Diseases not Transmissible to Humans

A

Trimming

*Meat can be Passed with Restrictions- Cooking, Freezing Ect.

100
Q

What Parasite can Humans get via Ingestion of oocysts in Cat Feces or Ingestion of Bradyzoites in Meat or Verticle Transmission from Mother to Baby

A

Toxoplasma Gondii

101
Q

Fish Toxin that is a Vasopressor and Neurotoxin only produced by Pufferfish. Clinical signs include Muscle paralysis and Asphyxiation

A

Tetrodotoxin

103
Q

Pasteurized Milk Ordinance Requires that Pasteurized Milk has a Somatic Cell count less than _____, Bacterial Count less than 100,000/ ml and No positive Drug Residue Test

A

750,000/ml

105
Q

Most Important Mode of Transmission of Norovirus

A

Infected Food Handlers

106
Q

True/False: Unpasteurized Milk is Bacteriologically Sterile

A

False

*Milk is not Sterile- Bacteria, Fecal Matter, Antibiotics ect. may all be found in Milk

107
Q

Carcasses with _____require Extended Postmortem Exam and is Condemned if there are lesions that are Active, Extensive or in Multiple Tissue

A

Tuberculosis

107
Q

Epidemiology that Described Disease such as the Characteristics, amount and Distribution of disease in a Population

A

Descriptive

108
Q

Parasite common in Cats that Eat Bradyzoites in Rodents and Birds

A

Toxoplasma Gondii

109
Q

3 Exemptions that Do Not require Federal Meat Inspection

A

Slaughter of Own Animals for Family Consumption

Retail Dealers that Do Not Slaughter with >75% Sale to Retail

Persons who Purchase Meat Oversees for Own Consumption

110
Q

Postmortem Inspection is characterized as an ____ Inspection, which uses Sight, Feel, Smell and Hearing to Detect Diseases

A

Organoleptic

111
Q

Chronic Stress prior to Slaughter + Adrenaline leads to Pre-Mortem Glycogen Depletion in Muscles, Causing a reduction in Lactic Acid and High pH and ______ Meat

A

Dark Firm Dry

112
Q

Any Potential Determinant of Disease or health status that may Increase or Decrease the Amount of Disease or have no Effect at all

A

Exposure

*Exposure may or may not be a determinant of Disease

113
Q

____ is the Source of Most of the Food that we eat and Policy must help Ensure that ____Food and Feed meets the Necessary Standards

A

Trade

114
Q

You estimate ____ By getting a Group of Test Positive animals and determining How many are Diseased

A

Positive Predictive Value

115
Q

Third Step of Milk Processing where Brief Heating it used to Kill common Pathogens in Milk that is currently Based on the Thermal Death of Coxiella Burnetti

A

Pasteurization

117
Q

Trichenellosis is Historically a Widespread Problem in ___

A

Pork

*Humans eat Infected Pork Meat

119
Q

True/False: Epidemiology Focuses on the Individual Animal

A

False

*Focus on the Group/ Population

120
Q

Gram Positive Foodborne Bacteria that can lead to Food Poisoning and Flu like Symptoms as well as Septicemia and Abortion in Women

A

Listeria Monocytogenes

*Pregnant Women should not eat “Ready to Eat” food such as Cheeses and Deli meats

122
Q

Voluntary Program where Inspections are Performed by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that Focus on Quality and Sanitation and is a Certification Program for International Export

A

Voluntary Seafood Inspection Program (VSIP)

*All Plants must follow FDA Control but VSIP is a Voluntary Extra Program to help with Credibility

123
Q

The Proportion of Diseased Animals that the Test correctly Classifies as Positive

A

Sensitivity

*How Sensitive the Test is at Identifying the Diseased Animal

125
Q

Nematode Found in Seafood that has an Intermediate host of Crustaceans eaten by Fish or Squid with Definitive hosts being Marine Mammals and Humans

A

Anisakis

127
Q

Specified Risk Materials are ____ and Classified upon Risk of Bovine Spongiform Ecephalopathy (BSE) transmission to Humans

A

Inedible

*All Ages- Tonsils and Distal Ileum

If > 30 Months- Brain, Skull, Eyes, Spinal Cord Ect.

128
Q

US ___ Law has Jurisdiction over Food for Inter-State Commerce that is Crossing State Lines

A

Federal

129
Q

Step of Outbreak Procedure where You specify the characterisitics shared by those with the Disease and Distinguish Disease cases from non Disease Cases

A

Establish a Case Definition

130
Q

The #1 Cowside Test for Mastitis

A

California Mastitis Test (CMT)

131
Q

Infection caused by the Larval Stage of Tapeworm

A

Cystercercosis

132
Q

True/False: Fatty Livers and Livers with Parasitic Scars can be Passed for Human Consumption

A

True

133
Q

_____ Pork is caused by Rapid Post-Mortem intracellular Glycolysis Causing Accumulation of Lactic Acid

A

Pale Soft Exudative

134
Q

____ Animal, is an Animal Suspected of having Diseases that would make part of the Carcass unfit for Food

A

Suspect

135
Q

Most common type of Observational Study Design during Outbreaks

A

Case-Control Studies

*The disease outbreak is already underway and cases are easy to Find

136
Q

Type of Pasteurization where the Entire Vat is Heated and Held at Temperature for the Appropriate Length of Time

A

Batch

*63 Degrees Celsius for 30 Minutes- KNOW THIS

137
Q

Pastuerization Temperature of Milk is Based off the Temperature needed to Kill ____

A

Coxiella Burnetti

138
Q

True/False: You don’t need to Know an Exact Etiology, Identifying the important Risk Factors and Developing interventions to reduce their affect may be all that is needed

A

True

139
Q

Most Commonly used Stunning Method in Cattle where a Bolt either Enters the Brain or Causes Concussion

A

Captive Bolt

*Non-Penetrating Bolt that only Causes Concussion is Preferred Method

140
Q

Shellfish Toxin that Causes Red Tides. The toxin accumulates in Muscles, clams, scallops ect. and Clinical signs include Ataxia, Dizziness, Incoherece, Respiratory Paralysis and Death

A

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

*Close Waters with Red Tide!!!

141
Q

Very Important Bacterial Hazard in Seafood that is Gram Negative that are Halophilic and Require Salt water to Live that can be Transmitted to Humans by Ingestion of Improperly Cooked Seafood or Directly through Wounds while swimming in Contaminated Water

A

Vibrio Vulnificus

*Plus Parahaemolyticus

142
Q

Tapeworm that Leads to Human Taeniasis when Humans eats Cysts in Beef and the Adult Tapeworm forms in the GIT

A

Taenia Saginata

143
Q

People get Cystercercosis by Consuming ____ Tape Worm Eggs

A

T. Solium

*Only way people get Cystercercosis

Epidemiology Exam 3 (1 decks)

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