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Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Animal Diversification

A

Ecological Causes- predator prey relationships
Geological Causes- more atmospheric O2
Genetical Causes- duplication of Hox genes

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1
Q

Animal

A 
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
No cell wall
Eukaryotic
Cell specialization
Tissues
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2
Q

Animal Egg after Fertilization

A 
Produce Zygote 
Cleavage
8 Cell Stage
Blastula
Gastrolation (Folds in) 
Form Gastrula w/ endoderm and ectoderm.
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3
Q

Protostomes

A

Spiral cleavage determinate
Coelem forms from solid masses of mesoderm
Blastopore becomes the mouth

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4
Q

Deutostomes

A

Radial indeterminate cleavage
Coelem forms from buds
Blastopore becomes anus

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5
Q

Hox Gene Organisation

A

Exhibit colinearly in time and space

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6
Q

Larva

A

Morphological distinct from adult. Grow and transform by metamorphosis.

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7
Q

Era Order

A

Paleozoic- Cambrian Explosion
Mesozoic- Dinosaur dominant
Cenozoic- Modern Diversification

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8
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Protists that are closest living ancestors
Resemble collar cells in sponges
Corroborated by morphological and molecular data

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9
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

530 mya

Lead to bilaterians

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10
Q

Grade

A

Group whose members share key biological features

Not necessarily a clade

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11
Q

Clade

A

Group that includes ancestral species and all its descendants

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12
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Allows organism to meet environment from all sides

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13
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Directed movement

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14
Q

Dorsal

A

Top side

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15
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom

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16
Q

Tissues

A

Body plans vary according to tissues

Collection of specialized cells

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17
Q

Ectoderm

A

Germ layer covering embryo surface

Skin and central nervous system

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18
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost germ layer

Lines digestive tract

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19
Q

Coelemates

A

Have a true coelem derived entirely from mesoderm

Ex. Earthworm

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20
Q

Pseudocoelem

A

Have a body cavity lined by mesoderm and endoderm

Ex. Roundworms

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21
Q

Acoelomates

A

Don’t have body cavity. Solid mass of mesoderm

Ex. Planarian

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22
Q

Diploblastic

A

Have only ectoderm and endoderm

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23
Q

Triploblastic

A

All bilaterians

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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24
Q

Mesoderm

A

Lies between ectoderm and endoderm and forms muscles

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25
Q

Phylogeny of Animals

A

All animals share a common ancestor
Sponges are basal and lack true tissues
Eumetazoa is clade w/ true tissues
All animal phyla belong to the clade bilateria
Three Clades of bilatarians: Deuterostomes, Lophotrochozoans, Ecsysozoans

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26
Q

Coelem

A

Hydrostatic skeleton for muscles

Enables internal organs to grow and move independently of body wall

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27
Q

Determinate Cleavage

A

Fate of each cell is determined early

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28
Q

Indeterminate Cleavage

A

Each cell in early stage retains capacity for complete embryo

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29
Q

Protostome Coelem Formation

A

Splitting of solid masses of mesoderm

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30
Q

Deuterostome Coelem Formation

A

Mesoderm buds from the wall

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31
Q

Porifera

A

Sessile
Aquatic
Suspension filters
Diploblastic

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32
Q

Mesophyl

A

Gelatinous matrix connecting cells in Porifera

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33
Q

Cnidaria

A

Sessile and motile
Oldest eumetazoan lineage
Radial/Diploblastic
Central nervous system

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34
Q

Cnidocyte

A

Fires a nematocyst

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35
Q

Lophotrochozoans

A 
Widest range of body forms
Lophomore
Trochophore larvae
Coelem w/ two openings
Bilateral/Triploblastic
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36
Q

Lophophore

A

Crown of ciliates tentacles

Used for feeding

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37
Q

Ecsysozoans

A

Protostomes

Exoskeleton

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38
Q

Platyhelminthes

A 
Flatworms
Triploblastic
Acoelomates
Gastrovascular cavity w/ one opening
Unsegmented
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39
Q

Brachiopods

A

Resemble mollusks

Dorsal/ventral valves

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40
Q

Rotifera

A

Pseudocoelemates
Mouth, anus, and alimentary canal
Moves against hydrostatic skeleton
Parthenogenesis

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41
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

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42
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Digestive tube w separate mouth and anus that lies in Pseudocoelem

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43
Q

Mollusks

A

Coelomates
Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle
Soft bodies, hard shells
Radula

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44
Q

Polyplacophora

A

Chitons
8 dorsal plates on shells
Non-segmented bodies
Radula

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45
Q

Gastropoda

A

Embryo torsion
Radula
Mantle cavity functions as lung

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46
Q

Embryo Torsion

A

Visceral mass rotates 180 degrees so that anus is above mouth

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47
Q

Bivalves

A 
Shell drawn together by aductor
Suspension feeders
Gills for gas exchange
Left/Right valves
No radula
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48
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Beak like jaw
Modified foot
Contract mantle for locomotion

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49
Q

Ammonites

A

Ancient Cephalopoda

Went extinct in Cretaceus

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50
Q

Annelida

A

Body made of fused rings
Coelom ages
Hydrostatic skeleton
Segmented body

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51
Q

Errantia

A

Mobile marine organisms
Pair of parapodia covered in chaetae
Chiton on each body segment

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52
Q

Sedentaria

A

Less mobile
Leeches
Secrete hirudin as anticoagulant
Earthworms aerate soil by eating it

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53
Q

Nematoda

A 
Pseudocoelomates
Tough outer cuticle made of collagen
Complete digestive tract
No circulatory system
Can self fertilize
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54
Q

Arthropoda

A

Segmented body plan
Chitin exoskeleton
Jointed appendages
Open circulatory system w/ hemolymph

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55
Q

Trilobita

A

Extinct 250 mya

Segmentation but little differentiation

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56
Q

Chelicerata

A

Chelicerae- claw like feeding appendages

Arachnida and merostomata

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57
Q

Arachnida

A

Pedipalps for feeding
Cephalothorax
Back lungs for gas exchange
Spinneret produces silk

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58
Q

Merostomata

A

Horseshoe crabs

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59
Q

Myriapoda

A

Earliest land animals

Diploma and Chilopoda

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60
Q

Diplopoda

A

2 pairs of walking legs on each segment

Ex. Millipedes

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61
Q

Chilopoda

A

1 pair of legs on each segment
Carnivorous
Ex. Centipedes

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62
Q

Insecta

A

Adaptive radiation caused by flight
Wings are extension of cuticle
Three body segments: head, thorax, abdomen
Undergo copulation sperm stored in sperm atheca in female

63
Q

Incomplete Metamorphasis

A

Young resemble adult but are smaller. Grow through molting

64
Q

Complete Metamorphasis

A

Specialized larval stages morphology during pupal stages

65
Q

Crustacea

A

Malacostraca and Maxillipoda

66
Q

Malacostraca

A

Carapace over cephalothorax

Ex. Woodlice and pill bugs

67
Q

Maxillipoda

A

Copepoda are planktonic

Includes barnacles

68
Q

Echinoderms

A 
Marine
Bilatarians
Coelomates
Sessile/slow
Hydraulic locomotion
Five limbs
Filtration pore for water entry/exit
Tube feet for feeding, locomotion, gas exchange
69
Q

Trematoda

A

Molecular mimicry to avoid immune system

Life Cycle- human host > ciliates larvae > snail host > motile larva

70
Q

Cestoda

A

Tapeworm

Hooks and suckers

71
Q

Trichinella Spiralis Life Cycle

A

Enters human via undercooked meat w/ juvenile worms on muscle tissue
Able to bypass hosts immune system, controlling expression of genes in muscle that make cells elastic enough to house worms
Parasitized muscle undergoes angiogenesis to battle worm w/ oxygen and nutrients

72
Q

Chordata

A

Contains invertebrates and vertebrates

Bilateral and segmented body plan

73
Q

Derived Chordate Traits

A

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post Anal tail

74
Q

Notochord

A

Long flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord

75
Q

Lancelets

A

Suspension feeders

Chordates

76
Q

Urochordata

A

Chordate larval stage

Sea squirts

77
Q

Myxini

A

Hagfish

Produces slime to escape predators

78
Q

Tunicates vs. Lancelets

A 
Tunicates
-take water through siphon
-U shaped digestive system
Lancelets
-no respiratory system
-Simple tube digestive system
79
Q

Derived Characteristics of Vertebrates

A

Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
Elaborate skull
Fin Rays

80
Q

Origins of Bone and Teeth

A

Mineralization originated with vertebrate mouthparts

81
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Jawed fishes
Allows firm grasp on food
Flexible skeletons of cartilage
Loss of bone in sharks is derived trait

82
Q

Oviparous

A

Eggs hatch outside the mothers body

83
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Embryo develops within uterus nourished by by egg yolk

84
Q

Viviparous

A

Embryo develops within uterus and is nourished though placenta

85
Q

Actinopterygii

A 
Ray finned fish
Early lineages had lungs
Modern lineages have a swim bladder
Bony endoskeleton
Operculum protects gills
Fins supported rays
86
Q

Jaws/Paired Finned Advantages

A

Jaws allow gripping and slicing of food

Paired fins allow accurate maneuverability

87
Q

Coelacanths

A

Living fossils

88
Q

Lung Fish

A

Have gills and lungs

Gulp air into lungs

89
Q

Tetrapods

A 
Gnathosomes that have limbs
Four limbs, feet w/ digits
Neck
Fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
Absence of gills
Ears
90
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Missing link exhibiting both fish and tetrapod characteristics

91
Q

Amphibian

A

Limbs w/ digits
Prolific in Carboniferous
Moist skin

92
Q

Amphibians Water Dependence

A

Need moist skin for gas exchange
Eggs lack shells and dehydrate quickly
External egg fertilization

93
Q

Amniotes

A

Terrestrially adapted egg

Includes reptiles, birds and mammals

94
Q

Amnion

A

Thin innermost membranous sac enclosing embryo

95
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo

96
Q

Yolk Sac

A

Membranous structure that functions as circulatory system in mammal embryos until heart is functional

97
Q

Allantois

A

Vascular fetal membrane that develops from hind gut in higher vertebrates

98
Q

Albumen

A

Water soluble protein found in animal tissues and liquids

99
Q

Reptiles

A 
Amniotic eggs
Scales made of keratin- create a waterproof barrier
Shelled eggs
Gas exchange by lungs or cloaca 
Internal fertilization
Ectothermic (except birds)
100
Q

Ectothermic

A

Regulate body temp through behavioral adaptations

101
Q

Endothermic

A

Keep body warm by metabolism

102
Q

Turtles

A

Boxlike shell

Closest relatives of the parareptiles

103
Q

Trematoda

A

Molecular mimicry to avoid immune system

Life Cycle- human host > ciliates larvae > snail host > motile larva

104
Q

Cestoda

A

Tapeworm

Hooks and suckers

105
Q

Trichinella Spiralis Life Cycle

A

Enters human via undercooked meat w/ juvenile worms on muscle tissue
Able to bypass hosts immune system, controlling expression of genes in muscle that make cells elastic enough to house worms
Parasitized muscle undergoes angiogenesis to battle worm w/ oxygen and nutrients

106
Q

Chordata

A

Contains invertebrates and vertebrates

Bilateral and segmented body plan

107
Q

Derived Chordate Traits

A

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post Anal tail

108
Q

Notochord

A

Long flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord

109
Q

Lancelets

A

Suspension feeders

Chordates

110
Q

Urochordata

A

Chordate larval stage

Sea squirts

111
Q

Myxini

A

Hagfish

Produces slime to escape predators

112
Q

Tunicates vs. Lancelets

A 
Tunicates
-take water through siphon
-U shaped digestive system
Lancelets
-no respiratory system
-Simple tube digestive system
113
Q

Derived Characteristics of Vertebrates

A

Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
Elaborate skull
Fin Rays

114
Q

Petromyzontida

A

Oldest vertebrate lineage
Cartilage skeleton
Jawless mouth

115
Q

Origins of Bone and Teeth

A

Mineralization appears to have with vertebrate mouthpart

116
Q

Gnathosomes

A 
Jaws
Lateral line sensitive to movement
Chondrichthyes
Ray finned fish
Lobe fins
117
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Jaws allow firm grasp of prey
Flexible cartilage skeleton
Loss of bone is derived

118
Q

Oviparous

A

Eggs hatch outside mothers body

119
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Embryo develops within uterus and nourished by egg yolk

120
Q

Viviparous

A

Embryo develops within uterus and nourished by placenta

121
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Have lung derivative (Swim Bladder)
Bony endoskeleton
Operculum protects gills
Fins supported by strong flexible Rays

122
Q

Advantages of Jaws and Paired Fins

A

Jaws- allow hold of food

Paired Fins- allow accurately with swimming

123
Q

Lobe Fin Fish

A

Muscular pectoral and pelvic used to swim underwater

Three lineages- coelacanths, lungfish, tetrapods

124
Q

Coelacanth

A

Living fossil, lobe fins

125
Q

Lung Fish

A

Have gills and lungs

Can gulp air

126
Q

Tetrapods

A 
Gnathosomes with limbs
Four limbs, feet with digits
Neck
Fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
Absence of gills
Ears
127
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Missing link that has both fish and tetrapod characteristics

128
Q

Amphibians

A

Limbs with digits
Prolific in Carboniferous
Moist skin for gas exchange

129
Q

Amphibian Water Dependence

A

Moist skin for gas exchange
Shellless eggs, dehydrate quickly
External fertilization

130
Q

Amniotes

A

Terrestrially adapted eggs

Includes reptiles, birds and mammals

131
Q

Derived Characteristics of Amniotes

A

Amniotic eggs

Membranes that protect embryo

132
Q

Amnion

A

Innermost membranous sac enclosing developing embryo

133
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membranous sac enclosing the membrane

134
Q

Yolk Sac

A

Membranous structure that functions as a circulatory system in mammal embryos

135
Q

Allantois

A

Vascular fetal membrane that develops from hindgut

136
Q

Albumen

A

Water soluble protein found in animal tissues and liquids

137
Q

Reptiles

A 
Amniotic egg
Scales made of keratin creates water proof barrier
Shelled eggs
Gas exchange via lungs or cloaca
Internal fertilization
Ectothermic (except birds)
138
Q

Ectothermic

A

Absorb heat as main body source

Regulate body temp through behavior

139
Q

Endothermic

A

Keep body warm through metabolism

140
Q

Turtles

A

Boxlike shells

Closest relatives are parareptiles

141
Q

Pterosaurs

A

First tetrapods to exhibit flight

Theropods are ancestral birds

142
Q

Tuatara

A

Ancestors of lepidosaurs

143
Q

Derived Characters of Birds

A 
Wings w/ keratin feathers
Lack urinary bladder
Females w/ one ovary
Loss of teeth
Enhanced eyesight
144
Q

Mammals

A

Amniotes
Hair
Milk from mammary glands
Endothermic

145
Q

Monotremes

A

Small group of egg laying mammals

146
Q

Marsupials

A

Have nipples
Embryo develops in placenta
Completes embryonic development in marsupium

147
Q

Primates

A

Hands and feet for grasping
Larger brains and shorter jaws
Forward facing eyes
Complex social interactions

148
Q

Derived Characteristics of Apes

A

Apes larger than monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
Capable of brachiating

149
Q

Derived Human Characteristics

A

Humans stand upright on two legs
Larger brains capable of language and complex tools
Reduced jawbones and digestive tract

150
Q

Hominoid

A

Family containing apes and humans collectively

151
Q

Hominin

A

Refers to humans and extinct close relatives

Organisms more closely related to humans than chimps

152
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

Study of human origins

153
Q

Human Evolution Trend

A

Brain size increases
Jaw shape flattens
Bipedal posture

154
Q

Multi regional Hypothesis

A

Modern humans evolved from parallel from local H. Erectus populations

155
Q

Out of Africa Hypothesis

A

Homo Sapiens valves from second major out of Africa

Evidence: high genetic similarity and loss of genetic diversity

Biology (3 decks)

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