Exam 3

Question 1

What is Pierre Bourdieu perspective

Answer 1

• conflict theorist
• theory of practice on the understanding of the relation between agency and structure
• key concepts: habitus, field, capital

Question 2

What is field?

Answer 2

-where the agent is socialized
-an evolving set of roles and relationships in a social domain, where various forms of “capital” such as prestige or financial resources are at stake
-sense of the game: all of the external factors from accents to opinions, you take in and internalize
+Developed practical reasoning
+tastes
+opinions
+mannerisms and way of moving body

Question 3

What is habitus

Answer 3

The agent internalizes relationships and expectations for operating in the field. These internalized relationships and habitual expectations and relationships form, over time, the habitus
+the individual is no longer aware of how you are reproducing culture

Question 4

What is capital?

Answer 4

Resources of any form that can be articulated through social relations are capital
  -produce inequality
  -Examples
    \+money
    \+Networks
    \+education
    \+language

Question 5

What is practice?

Answer 5

• behavior within a field of designed to best navigate social relations vis-a-vis capital
• outcomes vary due to lack of access to capital

Question 6

Theory of Distinction

Answer 6

-Bourdieu claims that how one chooses to present one's social space to the world - one's aesthetic dispositions - depicts one's status and distance oneself from lower groups
  \+tastes in food, culture, and presentation are indicators of class because trends in their consumption seemingly correlate with an individual's fit in society

Question 7

Power and practice

Answer 7

social agents operate according to an implicit practical logic - a practical sense and bodily dispositions

Question 8

Reconciling Structure and agency

Answer 8

habitus and field are proposed to do so for they can only exist in relation to each other
-Symbolic violence: trying to use capital to manipulate others

Question 9

What are the critiques of Bourdieu perspective?

Answer 9

-economic reductionist/structuralist and everything comes back to economics

Question 10

What is Anthony Giddens perspective?

Answer 10

Structuration theory: the duality of structure

• social structure is both the medium and the outcome of social action
• structure IS agency

Question 11

Theory of Structuration

Answer 11

• Explores the question of whether it is individuals or social forces that shape our social reality
• People make society, but are at the same time constrained by it
• Action and structure cannot be analyzed separately, as structures are created, maintained and changed through actions, while actions are given meaningful form only through the background of structure

Question 12

Structure (rules and resources)

Answer 12

-Can act as a constraint on action, but it also enables action by providing common frames of meaning
+Rules and resources that people build on/draw upon that reproduce structural systems
-Culture is through the rules and resources

Question 13

Synthesis of Agency and Structure (macro and micro)

Answer 13

These different levels have significant influence upon each other, and cannot be understood if studied in isolation

Question 14

Critiques of Giddens

Answer 14

Doesn’t take into account stratification

Question 15

Production of Culture

Answer 15

• Structure motivates human behavior
• Focuses on how the symbolic elements of culture are shaped by the systems within which they are created, distributed, evaluated, taught, and preserved

Question 16

Production of Culture perspective

Answer 16

-Views both culture and social structure as elements in an ever changing pathwork
-Culture is not so much society-wide and virtually unchanging as it is situational and capable of rapid change
+A) Focues on the expressive aspects of culture rather than values
+B)Explores the processes of symbolic production
+C)Uses the tools of analysis developed in the study of organizations, occupations, networks, and communities
+D)Make possible comparisons across the diverse sites of culture creation

Question 17

Six Facets Within the Field of Symbolic Production

Answer 17

• Technology
• Law and regulation
• industry structure
• organization structure
• occupational career
• Market

Question 18

Technology

Answer 18

Provides the tools with which people and institutions augment their abilities to communicate, and changes in communication technology profoundly destabilized and create new opportunities in art and culture

Question 19

Law and regulation

Answer 19

Create the ground rules that shape how creative fields develop

Question 20

Industry Structure

Answer 20

Industrial fields tend to coalesce around new technologies, evolving legal arrangements, and newly conceptualized markets, a process identified as institutionalization

Question 21

Organizational Structure

Answer 21

-Three forms of organization:
+Bureaucratic form with a clear cut division of labor
+Entrepreneurial form having neither a clear cut division of labor nor a many layered hierarchy committed to short term success (not stable, not powerful)