Exam 3 Flashcards
0
Q
Three kinds of helminths
A
Nematodes, Cestodes, trematodes
1
Q
Two kinds of internal parasites
A
Helminths & protozoa
2
Q
Nematodes
A
Roundworms
3
Q
Cestodes
A
Tapeworms
4
Q
Trematodes
A
Flukes
5
Q
3 kinds of protozoa
A
Coccidia, giardia, cryptosporidium
6
Q
Haemonchus contortus
A
Barberpole worm
7
Q
Trichostrongylus
A
Bankrupt worm
8
Q
Haemonchus contortus get sustenance by
A
Sucking blood
9
Q
Life cycle of haemonchus contortus lasts
A
21 days
10
Q
How many eggs per day does haemonchus contortus lay?
A
1000s
11
Q
Life cycle of worms
A
Live in intestines and stomach, eggs pass out in feces, eggs develop into larvae on pasture, infective larvae move up grass 2-3 inches, get ingested by animals
12
Q
Signs of parasites (5)
A
Bottle jaw, anemia, weightloss, weakness, and sudden death
13
Q
FAMACHA is only useful when _______ is the parasite
A
Haemonchus contortus
14
Q
Scour worms
A
Trichostrongylus and teladorsagia
15
Q
_____ are more prevalent in summer, ______ are more prevalent in winter
A
Barber pole worms, scour worms
16
Q
Eaten by pasture mites before being transmitted to goats when they graze
A
Tapeworms
17
Q
Snails are their intermediate hosts
A
Liver flukes
18
Q
Mostly a problem in gulf states and Pacific Northwest
A
Liver flukes
19
Q
3 symptoms of liver flukes
A
Anemia, weight loss and bottle jaw
20
Q
Used to treat liver flukes
A
Valbazen
21
Q
3 classes of anthelmintics
A
Benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones, nicotinic antagonists
22
Q
3 main benzimidazoles
A
Fenbendazole (safeguard), albendazole (valbazen), oxyfendazole (synantic)
23
Q
White drenches
A
Benzimidazoles
24
Do not administer to pregnant animals (first 30 days)
Valbazen
25
Safeguard is for
Goats
26
Valbazen is for
Goats and sheep
27
Synantic is for
Extra label use
28
3 main nicotinics
Levamisole (tramisol, levasole, prohibit); morantel (rumatel, positive pellet); pyrantel (strongid)
29
Levamisole is for
Sheep
30
Morantel is for
Goats
31
Pyrantel is for
Extra label use
32
3 main macrolides
Ivermectin (ivomec), doramectin (dectomax), moxidectin (cydectin)
33
Benzimidazoles and macrolides are
Broad spectrum and have wide margin of safety
34
Effective against biting external parasites
Macrolides
35
To help reduce instance of dewormer resistance (4 things)
Do not under dose, do not rotate dewormers, use FAMACHA, use fecal egg counts
36
Fecal egg count uses
Mcmasters procedure, 2-4g of feces in saturated salt solution
37
Dose goats with ____ the sheep/cattle dose except w levamisole (use ____ the sheep dose)
2x, 1.5x
38
How many species of coccidia infect sr's?
10
39
Symptoms of coccidia (4)
Dark, foul smelling diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, dehydration
40
Usually seen in young, just weaned kids that are stressed
Coccidia
41
Damage the lining of the intestines and lead to poor feed utilization
Coccidia
42
3 coccidiostats
Decoquinate (Deccox), lasalocid (bovatec), monensin (rumensin)
43
Decoquinate is for
Sheep and goats
44
Lasalocid is for
Sheep
45
Monensin is for
Goats
46
4 kinds of external parasites
Keds, lice, ticks, mange mites
47
Keds are
Wingless, parasitic flies
48
Lice are common in
Winter
49
Ticks are seen
Around ears
50
Mange mites do this:
Feed on skin or burrow into it
51
To treat external parasites for mites and lice
Do it 2x 2 weeks apart; treat whole flock after shearing
52
Nasal bots are
Larvae of nonbiting fly oestrus ovis
53
Live in nasal passages, cause nasal discharge and head shaking
Nasal bots
54
Treat with Ivermectin
Nasal bots
55
Parasite resistant breeds
Hair sheep, katahdins, kikos
56
Don't graze pastures below
2-3 inches
57
Rest pastures for
6-12 months
58
High tannin forages
Sericea lespedeza and birdsfoot trefoil
59
Biggest predator problems are caused by
Coyotes and domestic dogs
60
Predators that are protected by law
Eagles, bears, red wolves
61
A dog caught killing livestock can be killed if
The owner is notified in the presence of a judge and the owner does not take action
62
Guard animal options
Dogs, donkeys, llamas
63
3 jobs of guard animal
Stay w flock/herd, not harm them, aggressively repel predators
64
The use of dogs to protect sheep dates back
Over 2000 years
65
Donkeys are good guard animals because (3)
They are intelligent, have good hearing and eyesight, and hate dogs/coyotes,etc
66
Toxic to donkeys
Ionophores (rumensin, bovatec, cattlyst)
67
Llamas should be
Gelded so they don't try to mate w the animals
68
Llamas tend to do this to predators
Run toward them (which could put them in danger if more than one predator is present)
69
Guard animal that is Sensitive to heat stress and must be shorn
Llamas
70
Honeycomb lining is in
The reticulum
71
3 types of microbes in rumen
Bacteria, Protozoa, fungi
72
Main source of energy for ruminants
Microbial waste products
73
Microbial waste products are
VFA's
74
VFA's are _____ in water and give ______to rumen fluid
Soluble, characteristic
75
VFA's are absorbed through _____ and enter the ______, where they go to the ________.
Rumen wall, portal vein, liver
76
Not absorbed through rumen wall
Amino acids and other nutrients
77
Microbes make _______, so they don't need to be added to the diet
B vitamins and. Essential amino acids
78
There are _____ bacteria per mL and ______ Protozoa per mL in the rumen
10 billion, 100,000
79
Fungi do this to break food particles apart
Grow "roots"
80
______and ______can be missing from the rumen and the animal will still digest properly
Fungi and Protozoa
81
Fiber digesting bacteria are sensitive to
Drops in pH below 6.0
82
Grain does what to pH?
Drops it
83
3/4 of bacteria are
Feed associated or adherent
84
Feed adherent means that bacteria
Colonize the feed particle and take several hours to digest it
85
A small portion of bacteria are
Free floating or liquid pool bacteria
86
Free floating bacteria live on
Soluble substrates like starch
87
Bacteria that live their whole lives on the rumen wall
Facultative
88
Facultative bacteria can ______ and _______
Use oxygen, pull urea out of the blood into the rumen so it can be broken down to use the nitrogen
89
Most common VFA
Acetate
90
2 carbon VFA
Acetate
91
3 carbon VFA
Propionate
92
4 carbon VFA
Butyrate
93
High forage diet is ______ acetate, _________ propionate and _________butyrate
70%, 20%, 7%
94
High grain diet is ________acetate, _________propionate, ________butyrate
55%, 35%, 7%
95
During fermentation, these gases are produced and then _______
CO2 and CH4, eructated
96
Methane gets rid of ______, which ________
Excess hydrogen, prevents pH from dropping
97
Glycogenic VFA
Propionate
98
All rumen blood glucose is from
Glycogenesis
99
Inadequate blood glucose causes
Ketosis
100
Propionate goes to ________, while acetate goes ______
The liver to be converted to glucose before being sent to other tissues, directly to the tissues
101
Main source of energy for muscle and other tissues
Acetate
102
Cannot be made into glucose
Acetate
103
Butyrate is made from
2 acetates
104
True stomach
Abomasum
105
Secreted into abomasum
HCl and pepsin
106
______ and ______ not needed in the duodenum, ______is needed
Pancreatic lipase and amylase, protease
107
Protein digestion takes place in
The small intestine
108
Takes this long for the rumen to develop and become functional
6 weeks
109
Scratch factor
The effect of having solid feed in the rumen develops muscles for contractions
110
Papillae grow as a result of
vFA's in the rumen
111
Reticular or esophageal groove allows
Milk to bypass the rumen and go straight to the abomasum
112
Have nutritional requirements similar to dairy cows
Dairy goats
113
Have lower nutritional requirements
Brush/Spanish goats
114
Have nutritional requirements similar to beef cattle
Boer goats
115
Be very careful feeding these goats during pregnancy
Angora
116
Most likely place urinary calculi will get lodged
Sigmoid flexure
117
Ca:P should be ______, %P should not exceed ______
2:1, 0.6%
118
Most common nutritional problem in well fed kids/lambs
Enterotoxemia/ overeating disease/ pulpy kidney disease
119
PEM results when there is insufficient ______ in the ______
Thiamine, bloodstream
120
Star gazing is a symptom
PEM
121
PEM can occur as a result of changing to a higher grain diet too quickly because of
Proliferation of bacteria that produce thiaminase enzyme
122
Thiaminase is produced by these 2 plants
Bracken fern and horse tail
123
High_____ diets can lead to PEM
Sulfur
124
Hydrogen sulfide can lead to
Brain death
125
Treatment for PEM
Intravenous thiamin
126
Hardware disease
Ruminants eat everything in feed, including metal objects that fall in the feeder...metal objects fall to bottom of reticulum, muscular action causes them to puncture the wall
127
Acidosis occurs when pH is in the
5s
128
Lower pH favors bacteria that produce
Lactic acid
129
Lactic acid in _____ is good
Silage
130
Time frame for silage to ferment before it's ready
3 weeks
131
Cottonseed products contain _______, which is toxic to other animals and pre-ruminants
Gossypol
132
High in phosphorus
Wheat minds, cottonseed products
133
Low in calcium
Grains
134
Nitrite is ______x more toxic than nitrate
10
135
Nitrate levels should not exceed
0.5%
136
This % of protein can be unavailable and it's still acceptable
10
