Exam 3

Question 1

Describe the advancements and limitations of children’s thinking during the pre operational stage.

Answer 1

• Centration: the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.
• Decenter: to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation at one time.

Question 2

Summarize the findings of research on children’s development of theory of mind.

Answer 2

• Piaget found that children younger than 6 cannot tell the difference between thoughts or dreams and real physical encounters therefor having no theory of mind.
• more recent research found by observing children’s everyday activities that children between the ages of 2 and 5 grow knowledge about mental processes dramatically.

Question 3

Identify and describe the two standardized intelligence test most commonly used with preschool-age children.

Answer 3

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Question 4

Define private speech, and explain Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s ideas about the significance of this kind of speech.

Answer 4

• Private Speech : Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others.
• this is common and normal in childhood.
• piaget saw private speech as a sign of cognitive immaturity whereas Vygotsky saw it as a special form of communication.

Question 5

Discuss the effectiveness of compensatory preschool programs such as Head Start.

Answer 5

• Head Start programs help children who come from poor urban areas compensate for what they have missed and helps prepare them for school.
• the program enhances cognitive skills and improves physical health and fosters self confidence and social skills.
• Children who attend such programs tend to show better cognitive and language skills and do better in school that children who do not attend.

Question 6

Describe the developmental changes that typically occur during early childhood in children’s self-definition, self-esteem, and the understanding of emotions.

Answer 6

-Self-definitions: the way a child describes themselves will change between the ages of 5 and 7.

Self-esteem: the judgment children make about their overall self-worth. based on children’s growing cognitive ability to describe and define themselves.

understanding of emotions: being able to understand or control ones feelings.

Question 7

Identify the stage (or “crisis”) of Erikson’s psychosocial theory that occurs during early childhood, and discuss ways that parents can help children to resolve this stage.

Answer 7

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Question 8

Discuss the evidence and arguments related to the use of corporal punishment.

Answer 8

• Corporal punishment: use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury to control children’s behavior.
• includes spanking, hitting. slapping, pinching, shaking
• Some think it will causes negative consequences. Also believe it degrades the educational environment.

Question 9

Summarize the findings of Baumrind’s research on parenting styles, and discuss the criticisms of Baumrind’s conclusions.

Answer 9

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Question 10

Discuss factors that influence prosocial and aggressive behavior in children.

Answer 10

• Prosocial- willing to help others, share belongings/food, and offer comfort.
• aggressive- is used the behavior used to achieve a goal

Question 11

Summarize the findings of research on the effects of China’s one-child policy.

Answer 11

• China had an official policy of limiting families to one child.
• this gave an opportunity to study a large number of only children.
• studies show no significant difference in behavioral problems.
• children with siblings seem to have higher levels of anxiety, fear, and depression than only children.
• children with siblings and only children have no difference in academic achievements and physical growth.
• only children performed better with memory, language, and math skills than children with siblings.

Question 12

Describe the new achievements and the limitations of children’s thinking during the concrete operational stage.

Answer 12

-third stage of Piagetian cognitibe development (ages 7-12) during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking.

Question 13

Define and give an example of horizontal decalage.

Answer 13

• Piaget’s term for not being able to transfer learning about one type of conversation to other types, which causes a child to master different types of conversation tasks at different ages.
  ex. comparing the weight of two objects.

Question 14

Summarize the changes in children’s metamemory and memory strategies that occur during middle childhood.

Answer 14

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Question 15

Explain the difference between group and individual intelligence tests, and give an example of each.

Answer 15

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Question 16

Explain the basic principles of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, and identify the eight intelligences proposed by Gardner.

Answer 16

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Question 17

Define metacognition

Answer 17

• awareness of ones own mental processes.

Question 18

Identify the psychosocial stage in Erikson’s theory that occurs during middle childhood, and discuss factors that can influence the outcome of this stage.

Answer 18

-fourth stage of psychosocial development focuses on industry versus inferiority which children must learn the productive skills their culture considers important or else face feelings of inferiority.

Question 19

Define the concept of coregulation and explain its significance in middle childhood.

Answer 19

-Transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parent and child share power. parents exercise oversight and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation.

Question 20

Discuss factors that influence children’s adjustment to parental divorce.

Answer 20

• children suffer from the stress of marital conflict and then of their parents separating and then leaving of one parent.
• children may not fully understand whats going on.\
• divorce is stressful on parents causing negative affect on their parenting.
• a divorced parent remarrying can increase stress and cause feeling of loss to occur again.

Question 21

Summarize and evaluate the findings of research on the effects of media violence

Answer 21

• children who are exposed to violent media increases their risk for long-term effects from what they are learning from what they see.
• children who see characters use violence to achieve their goals are likely to do the same when they try to resolve conflicts.

Question 22

Identify factors that enable “resilient children” to cope with stressful life events.

Answer 22

• children who weather circumstances might blight others, who maintain their composure and bounce back from traumatic events despite challenges or threats.
• good family relationships and cognitive functioning.
• good problem solvers, high IQ
• good info=processing skills help them cope protect themselves and learn for experience.