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SPPA 322 - Speech Science > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the human voice perfectly periodic?

A

No. It’s semiperiodic; a perfectly periodic voice would sound like a machine to us.

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2
Q

Jitter

A

Variation in F0 from one cycle to the next

  • The period of each cycle
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3
Q

Shimmer

A

Variation in amplitude from one cycle to the next

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4
Q

Chest register

A
  • Singing vocal register
  • Normal voice
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5
Q

Falsetto

A
  • Singing or voice
  • AKA loft
  • Higher pitch
  • Breathy, light, & airy
    • Due to fast vocal vold vibration
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6
Q

Pulse/Vocal fry/Glottal fry/Creaky voice

A

Voice with very low F0 and creaky voice quality

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7
Q

Modal

A

Voice at normal, comfortable pitch used for talking

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8
Q

Open quotient

A

Proportion of time vocal volds are open during each glottal cycle

How voice quality types are differentiated

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9
Q

3 main phonation types in voiced speech

A
  1. Breathy
  2. Modal (Normal)
  3. Creaky
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10
Q

Hypo- vs. Hyperadduction

A

Hypoadduction: VFs adducted w/ insufficient medial compression

Hyperadduction: VFs adducted w/ excessive medial compression

  • false VFs can start vibrating as well (harsh voice/ventricular phonation)
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11
Q

Aphonia

A

Complete absence of voice

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12
Q

Dysphonia

A

Any kind of vocal dysfunction resulting in a deviant-sounding voice

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13
Q

Maximum phonation time for adults & children

A

Adults: 15-25 sec

Children: at least 10 sec

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14
Q

Minimum-maximum intensity at varios F0 levels graph

A

Football-shaped

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15
Q

Breathy voice production

A

Incomplete closure of VFs causes air to leak during phonation

  • inefficient, so intensity range is reduced
  • more air used than normal phonation

More common in females & increases w/ age

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16
Q

Breathy voice: acoustic characteristics

A
  • Less periodic
  • More high-frequency noise (above 5 kHz)
  • Loss of energy between 2-5 kHz
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17
Q

Rough/hoarse voice characteristics

A

Rough: sounds raspy & low pitched due to aperiodic VF vibration

  • Hoarse voice = breathy + rough
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18
Q

Rough/hoarse voice: acoustic characteristics

A
  • Larger amt. of spectral noise at lower (100-2600 Hz) frequencies
  • Decreased periodic VF vibration
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19
Q

Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio

A

Another way to measure how periodic a voice is

Compares amplitude of harmonics to amplitude of noise in signal

  • Mostly periodic voices have high HNR (20 dB + is normal)
  • More noisy/less periodic voices have low HNR
20
Q

Vocal tract differences from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens

A

Larynx is now much lower. We can produce more sounds now, but we also have an increased danger of choking.

21
Q

Vocal tract

A

Pharynx, oral & nasal cavities

  • Can change shape at tongue, lips, jaw & velum
  • Allows for speech sound generation
22
Q

Formants

A

The resonant frequencies of the vocal tract

23
Q

The vocal tract is a _______-wave resonator.

A

quarter

  • Closed end = glottis
  • Open end = lips
24
Q

Source-Filter Theory

A

The vocal tract acts as an acoustic filter, which modifies the sound produced by a sound source (VF vibration, turbulent noise, or a combination of the two)

  • Source is independent of filter (F0 doesn’t affect our perception of vowels)
25
Q

How does an acoustic filter work?

A

Filters out certain frequencies of complex sounds while allowing other frequencies to pass through

  • Complex sounds are composed of sine waves of more than one frequency
  • A filter reduces/increases the amplitude of one or more component sine waves
26
Q

Characteristics of the sound produced at the glottis

A
  • A complex periodic wave
  • Has an infinite number of sinusoidal components (harmonics)
    • All are integer multiples of F0
    • Harmonic amplitude decreases as frequency increases
    • Harmonics above 10,000 Hz do not make a big contribution to speech production
27
Q

Harmonics

A

Component sinusoids of a complex periodic wave

  • Integer multiples of F0
  • Identified by numbers from lowest to highest frequency
  • F0 = H1
28
Q

What factors affect sound quality?

A

Which harmonics are present

What the amplitude of each harmonic is

  • determined by the SLVT
29
Q

__________ determines which harmonics are filtered out by the SLVT.

A

Wavelength

30
Q

What does it mean for a harmonic to “fit” the vocal tract?

A

Harmonics differ in their wavelength. Different harmonics will “fit” into the resonating chambers.

  • Harmonics whose wavelengths best fit into a chamber will gain amplitude (resonate)
    • These are formants
  • Those that do not fit will lose amplitude & be filtered out.
31
Q

In a neutral-shaped vocal tract, a sinusoid will fit if there is a _______________ at the glottis and a ____________ at the lips.

A

pressure maximum; zero crossing

32
Q

What is a standing wave?

A

A wave with a higher amplitude than the original sinusoid that is formed when a sinusoid’s wavelength fits the vocal tract

  • Occurs from the echo (reflection) of the sound in the vocal tract
33
Q

Resonant sounds are characterized by the relationship among the first __ formants

A

3

34
Q

Formants on spectrograms vs. spectra

A

Spectrogram: frequency is on the Y axis

Spectrum: frequency is on the X axis

35
Q

Formant frequencies are ___________ of the rate of vocal fold vibration

A

independent

36
Q

What 2 factors determine formant frequencies?

A
  1. The length of the speaker’s vocal tract
  2. The size & shape of the vocal tract cavities
37
Q

Vocal tract shape and F1

A

Influenced by the pharynx

  • A constriction in the oral cavity (high vowels) results in a large pharynx and a low F1
  • A constriction in the pharynx (low vowels) results in a small pharynx and a high F1
38
Q

Vocal tract shape and F2

A

Influenced by the oral cavity

  • A constriction at the back of the oral cavity (back vowels) results in a large oral cavity and a low F2
  • A constriction at the front of the oral cavity (front vowels) results in a small oral cavity and a high F2
39
Q

What effect does lip rounding have on formants?

A

Lowers frequencies of all formants because it lengthens the vocal tract.

40
Q

/w/ and /j/ are like extreme versions of which two vowels?

A

/u/ and /i/

41
Q

Why do liquids and glides have less amplitude than vowels?

A

As the vocal tract becomes more constricted, the amplitude drops.

42
Q

Formant values for /l/ are sometimes very similar to those for which sound?

A

/o/

43
Q

What are “zeroes,” “anti-formants” or “anti-resonances”?

A

Reduce the amplitude of nearby formants. Present in nasal and liquid sounds.

44
Q

/l/ acoustics

A

Lateral airflow produces zeroes/anti-resonances

  • On a spectrogram, formants above F1 often vanish
45
Q

The most important acoustic characteristic of /r/ is a low ___ frequency

A

F3 (extremely unusual)

46
Q

3 constrictions in English /r/

A
  1. lips
  2. palate
  3. pharynx

Are 3 antinodes of F3

47
Q

Nasal articulation/acoustics

A

Air flows through the nasal cavity, which is large compared to the pharynx & oral cavity

  • Has a very low first formant (the “nasal formant”)

SPPA 322 - Speech Science (3 decks)

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