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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ibuprofen?

A

Reduces inflammation, pain, and fever

Commonly used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

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2
Q

List the indications for Ibuprofen.

A
  • Moderate pain
  • Arthritis
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Fever
  • Tendinitis

Ibuprofen is frequently prescribed for various pain-related conditions.

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3
Q

What are the common effects of Ibuprofen?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Ulcers
  • Constipation
  • Fetal harm
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Stroke

Potential side effects must be monitored, especially in long-term use.

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4
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Ibuprofen?

A
  • Use with blood thinners
  • Monitor renal function
  • Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

Caution is advised when patients are on other medications.

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5
Q

What is the route of administration for Ibuprofen?

A

Oral or IV with food or antacid

Taking with food or antacid can help reduce gastrointestinal side effects.

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6
Q

What class of medication does Ibuprofen belong to?

A

NSAID

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used for pain relief.

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ketorolac?

A

Reduces inflammation, pain, and fever

Similar to Ibuprofen but typically used for more severe pain.

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8
Q

List the indications for Ketorolac.

A
  • Severe pain
  • Post-operative pain
  • Arthritis

It is often used in a hospital setting for acute pain management.

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9
Q

What are the common effects of Ketorolac?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Ulcers
  • Constipation
  • Fetal harm
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Stroke

Similar side effects to other NSAIDs.

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10
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Ketorolac?

A
  • Take instead of opioids
  • Limit use to 5 days
  • Monitor renal function

Short-term use is crucial to minimize risks.

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11
Q

What is the route of administration for Ketorolac?

A

Oral or IV

It can be given in various forms depending on the severity of pain.

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12
Q

What class of medication does Ketorolac belong to?

A

NSAID

An important class for managing pain and inflammation.

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Celecoxib?

A

Reduction of inflammation and pain

It is a selective COX-2 inhibitor.

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14
Q

List the indications for Celecoxib.

A
  • Acute pain
  • Arthritis
  • Dysmenorrhea

It’s used for various inflammatory conditions.

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15
Q

What are the common effects of Celecoxib?

A
  • Dyspepsia
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Cardiovascular (CV) risk
  • Allergy with sulfas
  • Fetal harm

Monitoring for allergic reactions is essential.

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16
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Celecoxib?

A
  • Monitor renal function

Regular assessment of kidney function is important.

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17
Q

What is the route of administration for Celecoxib?

A

Oral

Typically taken as a capsule.

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18
Q

What class of medication does Celecoxib belong to?

A

Second generation NSAID

It represents a newer class of NSAIDs with a different side effect profile.

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Acetaminophen?

A

Reduces prostaglandin synthesis

It works primarily in the central nervous system.

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20
Q

List the indications for Acetaminophen.

A
  • Reduced fever
  • Pain relief

Commonly used for mild to moderate pain and fever.

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21
Q

What are the common effects of Acetaminophen?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Epidermal necrosis
  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

Rare but serious side effects can occur.

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22
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Acetaminophen?

A
  • Max of 3,000 mg for alcohol users or 4,000 mg for others

Dosage limits are crucial to avoid liver damage.

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23
Q

What is the route of administration for Acetaminophen?

A

Oral or IV

Available in multiple formulations for ease of use.

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24
Q

What is the treatment for Acetaminophen overdose?

A

Acetylcysteine (Acetadote)

An antidote that replenishes glutathione levels in the liver.

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Sulfasalazine?

A

Modulates chemical mediators of inflammatory response

Used primarily for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis.

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26
Q

List the indications for Sulfasalazine.

A
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
  • Arthritis

It is often used in chronic inflammatory conditions.

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27
Q

What are the common effects of Sulfasalazine?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Rash
  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
  • Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
  • Hepatitis
  • Bone marrow suppression

Regular monitoring is needed due to potential serious side effects.

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28
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Sulfasalazine?

A
  • Monitor bone marrow for 3 months
  • Assess for sulfa allergy

Patients with a history of sulfa allergies should avoid this medication.

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29
Q

What is the route of administration for Sulfasalazine?

A

Oral after meals and divide daily dose

Taking it with food can help reduce gastrointestinal upset.

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30
Q

What class of medication does Sulfasalazine belong to?

A

Non-biologic DMARD

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are used to slow the progression of arthritis.

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31
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Etanercept?

A

Inhibits inflammation by neutralizing TNF (tumor necrosis factor)

It targets a key mediator of inflammation.

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32
Q

List the indications for Etanercept.

A
  • Severe arthritis

Primarily used in autoimmune conditions.

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33
Q

What are the common effects of Etanercept?

A
  • Sepsis
  • Black box warning
  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
  • Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
  • Heart failure (HF)
  • Liver injury

Close monitoring for infections and other serious side effects is necessary.

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34
Q

What is the route of administration for Etanercept?

A

Subcutaneous (SQ)

Administered via injection.

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35
Q

What class of medication does Etanercept belong to?

A

Biologic DMARD - Tumor necrosis antagonist

A targeted therapy for autoimmune diseases.

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36
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Rituximab?

A

Depletes B cells via lysis and apoptosis

Used in certain autoimmune disorders.

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37
Q

List the indications for Rituximab.

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

It is often used in combination therapies.

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38
Q

What are the common effects of Rituximab?

A
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Hypotension
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Bronchospasm
  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
  • Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation

Monitoring for viral reactivation is crucial.

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39
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Rituximab?

A
  • Pre-medicate with glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and oxygen
  • Screen for HBV

Preventive measures are important for patient safety.

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40
Q

What is the route of administration for Rituximab?

A

IV, starting at 50 mg/hr and increasing to 400 mg/hr

Administered slowly to monitor for reactions.

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41
Q

What class of medication does Rituximab belong to?

A

Biologic DMARD - Lymph depleting agent

It specifically targets B cells.

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42
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Abatacept?

A

Prevents cell activation reducing production of TNF and gamma

It modulates the immune response.

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43
Q

List the indications for Abatacept.

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Used in patients who have not responded to other treatments.

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44
Q

What are the common effects of Abatacept?

A
  • Headache
  • Upper respiratory infection (URI)
  • Nausea
  • Cellulitis
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Monitoring for infections is important.

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45
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Abatacept?

A

No vaccines for 3 months

Live vaccines should be avoided during and after treatment.

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46
Q

What is the route of administration for Abatacept?

A

IV initially, then transitioned to SQ therapy

It allows for flexibility in administration.

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47
Q

What class of medication does Abatacept belong to?

A

Biologic DMARD - T-cell activation

Targets T-cell activation to reduce inflammation.

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48
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Colchicine?

A

Disperses microtubules stopping leukocytes

Used specifically for gout management.

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49
Q

List the indications for Colchicine.

A
  • Gout attack
  • Prophylaxis of future gout attacks

It’s effective for acute and preventive treatment.

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50
Q

What are the common effects of Colchicine?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis
  • Bone marrow suppression

Regular monitoring is essential due to potential serious side effects.

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51
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Colchicine?

A
  • Assess cardiac, renal, and hepatic function
  • Monitor muscle pain

Patients should be evaluated for underlying conditions.

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52
Q

What is the route of administration for Colchicine?

A

Oral

It is usually taken as a tablet.

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53
Q

What class of medication does Colchicine belong to?

A

Anti-inflammatory

It specifically targets inflammation related to gout.

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54
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Allopurinol?

A

Decreases uric acid production

It is used to manage gout and prevent kidney stones.

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55
Q

List the indications for Allopurinol.

A
  • Manages gout
  • Nephrolithiasis
  • Prevents lysis syndrome

It is a key medication in chronic gout management.

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56
Q

What are the common effects of Allopurinol?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Drowsiness
  • Headache
  • Cataracts

Regular monitoring of vision and overall health is necessary.

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57
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Allopurinol?

A
  • Monitor vision
  • Increase fluid intake

Hydration is important to help prevent kidney stones.

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58
Q

What is the route of administration for Allopurinol?

A

Oral

Typically taken as a tablet.

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59
Q

What class of medication does Allopurinol belong to?

A

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor

It helps reduce uric acid levels in the body.

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60
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Probenecid?

A

Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid, excretes uric acid

It is used to manage gout.

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61
Q

List the indications for Probenecid.

A
  • Manages gout

It is often used in conjunction with other medications.

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62
Q

What are the common effects of Probenecid?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Renal injury

Regular monitoring of renal function is essential.

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63
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Probenecid?

A

Increase fluid intake

Adequate hydration helps in the excretion of uric acid.

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64
Q

What is the route of administration for Probenecid?

A

Oral with food

Taking it with food can help reduce gastrointestinal upset.

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65
Q

What class of medication does Probenecid belong to?

A

Uricosuric

It promotes the excretion of uric acid.

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66
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Pegloticase?

A

Converts uric acid to allantoin (water soluble), excreting it from kidneys

Used as a last resort for gout management.

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67
Q

List the indications for Pegloticase.

A
  • Only used if not responsive to lower therapies

It is typically reserved for severe cases.

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68
Q

What are the common effects of Pegloticase?

A
  • Gout flare
  • Anaphylaxis

Patients should be monitored closely for allergic reactions.

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69
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Pegloticase?

A
  • Pre-medicate with antihistamine and glucocorticoid
  • Expensive

Cost may be a barrier for some patients.

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70
Q

What is the route of administration for Pegloticase?

A

IV, slow infusion

Administered in a controlled setting due to potential reactions.

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71
Q

What class of medication does Pegloticase belong to?

A

Recombinant uric acid oxidase

It is a biological agent for treating gout.

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72
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Sumatriptan?

A

Vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels

Used for treating migraine and cluster headaches.

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73
Q

List the indications for Sumatriptan.

A
  • Migraine
  • Cluster headache

Effective in aborting acute headache attacks.

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74
Q

What are the common effects of Sumatriptan?

A
  • Chest pressure
  • Coronary vasospasm
  • Fetal harm

Monitoring for cardiovascular effects is important.

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75
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Sumatriptan?

A
  • Avoid in patients with cardiovascular (CV) issues
  • Not for pregnant women
  • Risk of serotonin syndrome

Caution is advised in specific populations.

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76
Q

What is the route of administration for Sumatriptan?

A

Enteral and parenteral

Available in various forms including injection.

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77
Q

What class of medication does Sumatriptan belong to?

A

Serotonin receptor agonist

It specifically targets serotonin receptors to alleviate headaches.

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78
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ergotamine?

A

Blocks inflammation, activates serotonin

Used as a second-line treatment for migraines.

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79
Q

List the indications for Ergotamine.

A
  • Second line for migraines

Typically used when other treatments are ineffective.

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80
Q

What are the common effects of Ergotamine?

A
  • Contraindicated in renal impairments
  • Sepsis
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD)
  • Hypertension
  • Fetal harm

Serious contraindications necessitate careful patient selection.

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81
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Ergotamine?

A

Monitor for liver or kidney injury

Regular function tests are advisable.

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82
Q

What is the route of administration for Ergotamine?

A

Oral, rectal, sublingual

Multiple routes allow for flexibility in administration.

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83
Q

What class of medication does Ergotamine belong to?

A

Ergot Alkaloids

A traditional class of medications for headache management.

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84
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Amitriptyline?

A

Inhibits serotonin reuptake

Used for tension headache prophylaxis.

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85
Q

What are the common effects of Amitriptyline?

A
  • Hypotension
  • Dysrhythmias

Monitoring for cardiovascular effects is important.

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86
Q

What class of medication does Amitriptyline belong to?

A

Tricyclic Anti-depressant

It is commonly used for chronic pain management.

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87
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Baclofen?

A

Suppresses hyperactive reflexes, mimics GABA

Used for muscle spasticity.

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88
Q

List the indications for Baclofen.

A
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS)
  • Spinal cord injury

Effective in managing muscle spasticity.

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89
Q

What are the common effects of Baclofen?

A
  • Drowsiness
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Constipation
  • Urinary retention

Caution with activities requiring alertness.

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90
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Baclofen?

A

No alcohol
* Worsening urinary retention

Alcohol can exacerbate side effects.

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91
Q

What is the route of administration for Baclofen?

A

Oral, wean off

Gradual discontinuation is important to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

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92
Q

What class of medication does Baclofen belong to?

A

Muscle relaxer Spasticity

It specifically targets spasticity associated with neurological conditions.

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93
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Cyclobenzaprine?

A

Reduces tonic somatic motor activity

Used for localized muscle spasms.

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94
Q

List the indications for Cyclobenzaprine.

A
  • Localized muscle spasms
  • Musculoskeletal injury

Often prescribed for short-term relief.

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95
Q

What are the common effects of Cyclobenzaprine?

A
  • Anticholinergic effects
  • ST conduction delay

Monitoring cardiac function may be necessary.

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96
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Cyclobenzaprine?

A

No alcohol
* Risk of serotonin syndrome

Caution with other serotonergic medications.

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97
Q

What is the route of administration for Cyclobenzaprine?

A

Oral

It is typically taken as a tablet.

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98
Q

What class of medication does Cyclobenzaprine belong to?

A

Skeletal muscle relaxer Muscle spasm

It specifically targets muscle spasms.

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99
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Morphine?

A

Mimics opioid peptide actions

A potent analgesic used for severe pain.

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100
Q

List the indications for Morphine.

A
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Anxiety
  • Pre-operative sedation

It is often used in acute pain settings.

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101
Q

What are the common effects of Morphine?

A
  • Respiratory depression
  • Constipation
  • Urinary retention
  • Hypotension

Close monitoring for respiratory function is crucial.

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102
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Morphine?

A

Dependence
* Misuse

Risk of addiction and tolerance must be managed.

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103
Q

What is the route of administration for Morphine?

A

Oral and parenteral

Available in various forms including injections.

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104
Q

What class of medication does Morphine belong to?

A

Pure agonist

It is a standard reference for opioid analgesics.

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105
Q

What is the treatment for Morphine overdose?

A

Naloxone

An opioid antagonist used to reverse overdose effects.

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106
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Fentanyl?

A

Mimics peptide actions

A powerful synthetic opioid.

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107
Q

List the indications for Fentanyl.

A
  • Surgical analgesia
  • Rapid intubation
  • ICU sedation

It is often used in critical care settings.

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108
Q

What are the common effects of Fentanyl?

A
  • Respiratory depression
  • Constipation
  • Urinary retention
  • Hypotension

Similar side effects to other opioids.

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109
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Fentanyl?

A

Transmucosal for cancer patients
* Dependence and misuse

Special formulations are available for specific patient populations.

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110
Q

What is the route of administration for Fentanyl?

A

All

Available in multiple forms including patches and injections.

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111
Q

What class of medication does Fentanyl belong to?

A

Pure agonist

It is a high-potency opioid.

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112
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Codeine?

A

Mimics peptide actions

A less potent opioid used for pain and cough relief.

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113
Q

List the indications for Codeine.

A
  • Short-term relief of cough

It is often used in cough syrups.

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114
Q

What are the common effects of Codeine?

A
  • Similar to morphine
  • Excessive sleepiness
  • Poor feeding

Monitoring for sedation is important in certain populations.

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115
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Codeine?

A

Dependence
* Misuse

Risks associated with opioid medications.

116
Q

What is the route of administration for Codeine?

A

Oral or solution

It is available in various formulations.

117
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Tramadol?

A

Blocks norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake

It has dual analgesic properties.

118
Q

List the indications for Tramadol.

A
  • Moderate to severe pain

It is often used for pain relief in various conditions.

119
Q

What are the common effects of Tramadol?

A
  • Respiratory depression is low
  • Serotonin syndrome

Caution with concurrent serotonergic medications.

120
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Tramadol?

A

Closely monitor SSRI, SNRI, and MAOI medications

Interactions can lead to serious side effects.

121
Q

What is the route of administration for Tramadol?

A

Oral

Typically taken as a tablet.

122
Q

What class of medication does Tramadol belong to?

A

Opioid/not-opioid

It has a unique mechanism compared to traditional opioids.

123
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Methadone?

A

Mimics peptide actions

Used in opioid use disorder treatment.

124
Q

List the indications for Methadone.

A
  • Opioid use disorder
  • Short-term opioid withdrawal

It is used for both pain management and addiction treatment.

125
Q

What are the common effects of Methadone?

A
  • Prolonged QT interval

Cardiac monitoring is essential.

126
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Methadone?

A

Baseline ECG
* Telemetry

Continuous monitoring is important for safety.

127
Q

What is the route of administration for Methadone?

A

PO, IM, IV

It can be given in various forms depending on the situation.

128
Q

What class of medication does Methadone belong to?

A

Long-acting pure agonist

It is used for both pain relief and addiction treatment.

129
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Buprenorphine/Naloxone?

A

Antagonist action at kappa receptors

Used in opioid dependence treatment.

130
Q

List the indications for Buprenorphine/Naloxone.

A
  • Pain relief
  • Withdrawal

It helps manage opioid dependence effectively.

131
Q

What are the common effects of Buprenorphine/Naloxone?

A
  • Prolonged QT interval

Cardiac monitoring may be necessary.

132
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Buprenorphine/Naloxone?

A

Baseline ECG
* Telemetry
* Cannot reverse toxicity

It is important to understand its unique pharmacological properties.

133
Q

What is the route of administration for Buprenorphine/Naloxone?

A

All

Available in various formulations including sublingual.

134
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Naloxone?

A

Blocks opioid action

Used in overdose situations.

135
Q

List the indications for Naloxone.

A
  • Overdose
  • Neonatal respiratory depression

It is a lifesaving medication in emergency settings.

136
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Naloxone?

A

Will not help if caused by non-opioid
* Short half-life
* Pain management

Patients may require additional doses as needed.

137
Q

What is the route of administration for Naloxone?

A

All

Available in multiple forms including intranasal and injectable.

138
Q

What class of medication does Naloxone belong to?

A

Competitive antagonist

It specifically targets opioid receptors.

139
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Pantoprazole?

A

Inhibit hydrogen/potassium pump preventing gastric acid

Used for conditions like GERD.

140
Q

List the indications for Pantoprazole.

A
  • GERD
  • Gastric ulcers
  • Gastrocarcinomas
  • Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome

A common medication for acid-related disorders.

141
Q

What are the common effects of Pantoprazole?

A
  • Fractures
  • Rebound acid hypersecretion
  • Clostridium difficile infection (C. diff)
  • Pneumonia

Long-term use requires monitoring for side effects.

142
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Pantoprazole?

A
  • Can’t crush or chew
  • Monitor magnesium, calcium, B12 levels

Nutritional deficiencies can occur with long-term use.

143
Q

What is the class of medication does Pantoprazole belong to?

A

PPI (Proton Pump Inhibitor)

A widely used class for managing gastric acid-related disorders.

144
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Famotidine?

A

Blocks histamine from binding, blocking release of HCl

Used for conditions like GERD.

145
Q

List the indications for Famotidine.

A
  • GERD
  • Ulcers
  • Heartburn
  • Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome

It is often prescribed for acid-related disorders.

146
Q

What are the common effects of Famotidine?

A
  • Confusion
  • Hallucinations
  • Seizures
  • C. diff
  • Pneumonia

Monitoring for neuropsychiatric effects is important.

147
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Famotidine?

A

Administer without regard to food

It can be taken at any time.

148
Q

What is the class of medication does Famotidine belong to?

A

Histamine 2 receptor antagonist (H2RA)

A common class for reducing gastric acid secretion.

149
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Sucrafate?

A

Creates gel to barrier ulcers

Used for treating ulcers.

150
Q

List the indications for Sucrafate.

A
  • Ulcers

It works by providing a protective barrier.

151
Q

What are the common effects of Sucrafate?

A
  • Constipation

Monitoring bowel habits is important.

152
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Sucrafate?

A

Increases gastric pH
* 2 hours apart from other meds

Timing with other medications is crucial.

153
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Misoprostol?

A

Promotes bicarbonate and mucus secretion

Used for preventing gastric ulcers.

154
Q

List the indications for Misoprostol.

A
  • Prevents gastric ulcers
  • Softens cervix
  • Used in miscarriage

It has multiple uses in both gastrointestinal and obstetric settings.

155
Q

What are the common effects of Misoprostol?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Spotting

Monitoring for gastrointestinal side effects is necessary.

156
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Misoprostol?

A

Don’t take when pregnant
* Take with food

It can induce uterine contractions.

157
Q

What is the class of medication does Misoprostol belong to?

A

Prostaglandin E1

It has protective effects on the gastric mucosa.

158
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Psyllium?

A

Swells in water to bulk stool

Used as a laxative.

159
Q

List the indications for Psyllium.

A
  • Constipation
  • Diverticulitis
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

It is often used for dietary fiber supplementation.

160
Q

What are the common effects of Psyllium?

A
  • Esophageal obstruction

Adequate fluid intake is crucial when using this laxative.

161
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Psyllium?

A

Take with lots of water

Fluid helps to prevent obstruction.

162
Q

What is the class of medication does Psyllium belong to?

A

Bulk forming

It is a key component of fiber-based laxatives.

163
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Docusate?

A

Decreases surface tension to allow water absorption

Used as a stool softener.

164
Q

List the indications for Docusate.

A
  • Constipation

It is often used to prevent straining.

165
Q

What are the common effects of Docusate?

A
  • Cramping
  • Nausea
  • Diarrhea
  • Bitter taste

Monitoring bowel habits is important.

166
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Docusate?

A

Take with lots of water

Adequate hydration is necessary.

167
Q

What is the class of medication does Docusate belong to?

A

Stool softener

It helps to ease bowel movements.

168
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Bisacodyl?

A

Stimulates intestinal motility

It is used as a stimulant laxative.

169
Q

List the indications for Bisacodyl.

A
  • Opioid constipation
  • Low bowel movement constipation

Effective for short-term relief.

170
Q

What are the common effects of Bisacodyl?

A
  • Burning sensation

It may cause discomfort during use.

171
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Bisacodyl?

A

Don’t crush or chew
* Don’t take with milk or antacids

It can interfere with the medication’s effectiveness.

172
Q

What is the class of medication does Bisacodyl belong to?

A

Stimulant

It is commonly used for acute constipation.

173
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Polyethylene Glycol?

A

Draws water into lumen of intestines

Used as an osmotic laxative.

174
Q

List the indications for Polyethylene Glycol.

A
  • Bowel prep for procedures
  • Chronic constipation

It is often used before diagnostic procedures.

175
Q

What are the common effects of Polyethylene Glycol?

A
  • Nausea
  • Diarrhea
  • Bloating
  • Cramping
  • Dehydration

Monitoring hydration is essential.

176
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Polyethylene Glycol?

A

Increase fluid intake
* Takes 2-4 days for results

Patients should be informed of the time frame for effects.

177
Q

What is the class of medication does Polyethylene Glycol belong to?

A

Osmotic (like magnesium citrate and lactulose)

It works by increasing the amount of water in the intestines.

178
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solutions?

A

Clears out intestines

Used for bowel preparation.

179
Q

List the indications for Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solutions.

A
  • Clears out intestines

Commonly used before procedures.

180
Q

What are the common effects of Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solutions?

A
  • Nausea
  • Bloating
  • Abdominal cramps

Patients should be monitored during administration.

181
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solutions?

A

250-300 mL every 10 mins for 2-3 hrs

Patients should be instructed on the dosing regimen.

182
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Diphenoxylate & Atropine?

A

Allow for more time for absorption

Used as an anti-diarrheal.

183
Q

List the indications for Diphenoxylate & Atropine.

A
  • Diarrhea

It helps to manage acute diarrhea.

184
Q

What are the common effects of Diphenoxylate & Atropine?

A
  • Morphine-like effects
  • Anticholinergic effects

Caution is advised due to potential side effects.

185
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Diphenoxylate & Atropine?

A

Overdose risk

Patients should be educated about the signs of overdose.

186
Q

What is the class of medication does Diphenoxylate & Atropine belong to?

A

Opioid

It is used to slow down gut motility.

187
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Alosetron?

A

Blocks serotonin receptors

Used for treating IBS-D in women.

188
Q

List the indications for Alosetron.

A
  • IBS-D in women

It is specifically indicated for female patients.

189
Q

What are the common effects of Alosetron?

A
  • Constipation
  • Perforation
  • Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS)

Patients must be monitored closely due to potential serious side effects.

190
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Alosetron?

A

FDA risk management
* Stop if not helping in 4 weeks

Patients should be informed about the monitoring requirements.

191
Q

What is the class of medication does Alosetron belong to?

A

Serotonin receptor antagonist

It specifically targets serotonin pathways in the gut.

192
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Lubiprostone?

A

Releases more chloride that enhances motility

Used for treating IBS-C in females.

193
Q

List the indications for Lubiprostone.

A
  • IBS-C in females
  • Constipation

It is specifically indicated for female patients.

194
Q

What are the common effects of Lubiprostone?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Chest tightness

Patients should be monitored for gastrointestinal side effects.

195
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Lubiprostone?

A

Administer with food to reduce nausea
* 1-2 days for results

Patients should be informed about the onset of action.

196
Q

What is the class of medication does Lubiprostone belong to?

A

Chloride channel activator

It promotes gastrointestinal motility.

197
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ondansetron?

A

Blocks 3 receptors on vagal nerve and CTZ

Used as an antiemetic.

198
Q

List the indications for Ondansetron.

A
  • Nausea and vomiting from radiotherapy and anesthesia

It is frequently used in postoperative settings.

199
Q

What are the common effects of Ondansetron?

A
  • Headache
  • Constipation
  • Prolonged QT

Cardiac monitoring may be necessary.

200
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Ondansetron?

A

Telemetry
* Infuse slowly over 15-30 mins
* Most effective with glucocorticoids like Decadron

Co-administration with glucocorticoids can enhance effectiveness.

201
Q

What is the class of medication does Ondansetron belong to?

A

Serotonin receptor antagonist

It specifically targets serotonin receptors to prevent nausea.

202
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Aprepitant?

A

Blocks neurokinin in trigger zone

Used for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.

203
Q

List the indications for Aprepitant.

A
  • Post-operative nausea and vomiting

It is often used in combination with other antiemetics.

204
Q

What are the common effects of Aprepitant?

A
  • Liver injury

Liver function should be monitored.

205
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Aprepitant?

A

Combination with ondansetron and corticosteroids
* Higher dose if on warfarin or contraceptives
* Watch liver enzymes

Drug interactions can affect treatment outcomes.

206
Q

What is the class of medication does Aprepitant belong to?

A

Neurokinin 1 antagonist

It is a novel class for managing nausea.

207
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Lorazepam?

A

Promotes CNS depression

Used for sedation and anticipatory emesis.

208
Q

List the indications for Lorazepam.

A
  • Sedation
  • Anticipatory emesis
  • Amnesia

Often used in preoperative settings.

209
Q

What are the common effects of Lorazepam?

A
  • CNS depression

Monitoring for sedation levels is important.

210
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Lorazepam?

A

Monitor neuro status

Patients should be evaluated for sedation.

211
Q

What is the route of administration for Lorazepam?

A

All

Available in multiple forms including oral and injectable.

212
Q

What is the treatment for Lorazepam overdose?

A

Flumazenil

An antagonist used to reverse benzodiazepine effects.

213
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Promethazine?

A

Blocks dopamine receptors

Used as an antiemetic.

214
Q

List the indications for Promethazine.

A
  • Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV)
  • Post-operative nausea and vomiting

It is frequently used in surgical and oncology settings.

215
Q

What are the common effects of Promethazine?

A
  • Respiratory depression
  • Local tissue injury

Caution is necessary when administering.

216
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Promethazine?

A

Monitor neuro status

Patients should be evaluated for sedation.

217
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Metoclopramide?

A

Enhances acetylcholine which increases upper GI motility, blocks dopamine and serotonin

Used for various gastrointestinal conditions.

218
Q

List the indications for Metoclopramide.

A
  • Oral (GERD suppression, Diabetic gastroparesis)
  • IV (nausea/vomiting)

It is effective for both gastrointestinal motility and antiemetic effects.

219
Q

What are the common effects of Metoclopramide?

A
  • Sedation
  • Diarrhea

Monitoring for gastrointestinal side effects is necessary.

220
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Metoclopramide?

A

Contraindicated in GI obstruction, perforation, or hemorrhage

Safety assessments are crucial before administration.

221
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Dronabinol?

A

Unknown

Used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).

222
Q

List the indications for Dronabinol.

A
  • CINV
  • Reverse weight loss

It is often used in cancer patients.

223
Q

What are the common effects of Dronabinol?

A
  • Psychoactive effects due to THC activation

Monitoring for psychiatric effects may be necessary.

224
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Dronabinol?

A

Lower dose stimulates appetite, higher dose prevents emesis

Dosing should be tailored to patient needs.

225
Q

What is the class of medication does Dronabinol belong to?

A

Cannabinoid (THC)

It is a unique class for managing nausea and appetite.

226
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Ferrous Sulfate?

A

Indicated for anemia

It is a common iron supplement.

227
Q

List the common effects of Ferrous Sulfate.

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Heartburn
  • Bloating
  • Green or black stool
  • Vasomotor collapse

Side effects can be significant, and patients should be informed.

228
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Ferrous Sulfate?

A

Co-administer with vitamin C

Vitamin C enhances iron absorption.

229
Q

What is the class of medication does Ferrous Sulfate belong to?

A

Ferrous salt

It is a key treatment for iron deficiency anemia.

230
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Cyanocobalamin?

A

Indicated for B12 anemia

It is a vitamin B12 supplement.

231
Q

List the common effects of Cyanocobalamin.

A
  • Hypokalemia
  • Muscle weakness

Monitoring potassium levels may be necessary.

232
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Cyanocobalamin?

A

Lifelong shots

Patients with B12 deficiency often require ongoing treatment.

233
Q

What is the class of medication does Cyanocobalamin belong to?

A

Crystalline B12 prep

It is a standard treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency.

234
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Folic Acid?

A

Indicated for folic acid anemia

It is a vitamin B9 supplement.

235
Q

List the common effects of Folic Acid.

A
  • Long term dosing may increase prostate or rectal cancer risk

Monitoring is necessary for long-term use.

236
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Folic Acid?

A

Watch for masking

It can mask vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms.

237
Q

What is the class of medication does Folic Acid belong to?

A

Inactive

It is a standard treatment for folic acid deficiency.

238
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Epoetin Alfa?

A

Releases reticulocytes from bone marrow

Used for treating anemia.

239
Q

List the indications for Epoetin Alfa.

A
  • Chemo-anemia
  • HIV patients
  • Pre-op for anemic patients

It helps to stimulate red blood cell production.

240
Q

What are the common effects of Epoetin Alfa?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
  • Heart failure (HF)
  • Hemoglobin rises too quickly

Close monitoring is essential to prevent complications.

241
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Epoetin Alfa?

A

Do not agitate vial
* Monitor cardiovascular status
* Monitor hemoglobin less than 11

Safety assessments are crucial before administration.

242
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Filgrastim?

A

Activates neutrophils

Used in patients with neutropenia.

243
Q

List the indications for Filgrastim.

A
  • Myelosuppressive chemotherapy
  • Chemotherapy + bone marrow transplant for non-myeloid
  • Chronic neutropenia

It helps to increase white blood cell counts.

244
Q

What are the common effects of Filgrastim?

A
  • Bone pain
  • Leukocytosis

Patients may experience discomfort from increased white blood cell production.

245
Q

What considerations should be taken when using Filgrastim?

A

Room temperature
* Do not agitate
* Roll for mixing
* Discontinue after ANC reaches 10,000

Monitoring is essential to prevent complications.

246
Q

What is hypertension?

A

A condition characterized by elevated blood pressure levels

Hypertension can lead to serious health issues such as MI, CVA, and HF.

247
Q

What does MI stand for?

A

Myocardial Infarction

MI is commonly known as a heart attack.

248
Q

What does CVA stand for?

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

CVA is commonly known as a stroke.

249
Q

What does HF stand for?

A

Heart Failure

HF can result from various cardiovascular conditions.

250
Q

What is the significance of monitoring hemoglobin levels?

A

Hemoglobin levels less than 11 require monitoring

Rapid rises in hemoglobin can indicate complications.

251
Q

What are Granulocytes?

A

A type of white blood cell important for fighting infections

Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

252
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Filgrastim (Neupogen)?

A

Activates neutrophils

It is used in myelosuppressive chemotherapy and chronic neutropenia.

253
Q

What are the key effects of Filgrastim (Neupogen)?

A
  • Bone pain
  • Leukocytosis

These effects are common during treatment.

254
Q

What is Romiplostim (Nplate) used for?

A

To minimize thrombocytopenia

It increases platelet count by activating the thrombopoietin receptor.

255
Q

What are the effects of Romiplostim (Nplate)?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • DVT
  • PE
  • Stroke
  • MI

Monitor CBC and ensure platelet count increases greater than 50,000.

256
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)?

A

Damages DNA by adding a chemical to guanine

It is used in the treatment of various cancers.

257
Q

What are the side effects of Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)?

A
  • Toxicity to bone marrow
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Hemorrhagic cystitis

Hydration and MENSA (Mesnex) are considerations to limit bladder injury.

258
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Cisplatin (Platinol)?

A

Creates kinks and knobs in DNA strands

It is effective against testicular, ovarian, and bladder cancers.

259
Q

What are the effects of Cisplatin (Platinol)?

A
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Kidney damage
  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Ototoxicity

Hydration with diuretic therapy is important.

260
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Methotrexate (Rheumatrex)?

A

Blocks the use of folic acid, causing cells to stop dividing

It is indicated for several cancers and autoimmune conditions.

261
Q

What are the side effects of Methotrexate (Rheumatrex)?

A
  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Oral ulceration

Urine alkalinizing agents may be used to promote drug excretion.

262
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)?

A

Damages DNA of cancer cells

It is commonly used in various solid tumors and lymphomas.

263
Q

What are the side effects of Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)?

A
  • Cardiotoxicity
  • Heart failure
  • Body fluids turn red

Administer dexrazoxane (Totect) to limit cardiotoxicity.

264
Q

What is Tamoxifen (Soltamox) used for?

A

Blocks estrogen from attaching to cancerous cells

It is indicated for metastatic breast cancer.

265
Q

What are the effects of Tamoxifen (Soltamox)?

A
  • Hot flashes
  • Fluid retention
  • Vaginal discharge
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • DVT

Monitor for thrombolytic risk and menstrual bleeding.

266
Q

What is Anastrozole (Arimidex) used for?

A

Blocks the aromatase enzyme to reduce estrogen production

It is indicated for breast cancer treatment in postmenopausal women.

267
Q

What are the side effects of Anastrozole (Arimidex)?

A
  • Lack of energy
  • Headache
  • Osteoporosis
  • Fractures
  • Vaginal dryness
  • Hot flashes

Increase intake of calcium and vitamin D.

268
Q

What is Leuprolide (Eligard) used for?

A

Suppresses production of androgen by testes

It is indicated for prostate carcinoma and endometriosis.

269
Q

What are the effects of Leuprolide (Eligard)?

A
  • Hot flashes
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Loss of libido
  • Reduced muscle mass
  • MI
  • CVA

Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is recommended.

270
Q

What are the five mechanisms of action for antiepileptic drugs?

A
  • Decrease Na+
  • Decrease Ca+
  • Increase K+
  • Decrease glutamate
  • Increase GABA

These mechanisms help in controlling seizures.

271
Q

What is the MOA of Phenytoin (Dilantin)?

A

Decreases Na in cells

It is used for partial and tonic-clonic seizures.

272
Q

What are the side effects of Phenytoin (Dilantin)?

A
  • Slurred speech
  • Mental confusion
  • Tremor
  • Headache
  • Purple glove syndrome
  • Teratogenic effects
  • Increased glucose

Monitor serum levels between 10-20 mcg/ml.

273
Q

What is the MOA of Carbamazepine (Tegretol)?

A

Delayed recovery of sodium channels

It is indicated for focal seizures and bipolar disorder.

274
Q

What are the side effects of Carbamazepine (Tegretol)?

A
  • Nystagmus
  • Anemia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Rash

Monitor CBC and platelet levels.

275
Q

What is the MOA of Valproate-divalproex (Depakote)?

A

Enhances the action of GABA receptor

It is used for various types of seizures and bipolar disorder.

276
Q

What are the side effects of Valproate-divalproex (Depakote)?

A
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Liver dysfunction
  • Pancreatitis

Liver function tests should be monitored.

277
Q

What is the MOA of Gabapentin (Neurontin)?

A

Enhances GABA

It is indicated for focal-onset seizures.

278
Q

What are the side effects of Gabapentin (Neurontin)?

A
  • Somnolence
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Nystagmus
  • Edema

Do not stop suddenly.

279
Q

What is the MOA of Paroxetine (Paxil)?

A

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin

It is used for GAD, OCD, and major depression.

280
Q

What are the side effects of Paroxetine (Paxil)?

A
  • Suicidal thoughts
  • SJS
  • Dizziness
  • Drowsiness
  • Anxiety
  • Headache
  • Dry mouth

Watch for neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

281
Q

What is the MOA of Fluoxetine (Prozac)?

A

Blocks serotonin reuptake

It is indicated for depression, bipolar disorder, panic, and OCD.

282
Q

What are the side effects of Fluoxetine (Prozac)?

A
  • Weight gain
  • Nausea
  • Suicidal thoughts
  • Insomnia

Mixing with St. John’s Wort can lead to serotonin syndrome.

283
Q

What is the MOA of Alprazolam (Xanax)?

A

Increases permeability of chloride ions and enhances GABA

It is used for anxiety disorders and sedation.

284
Q

What are the side effects of Alprazolam (Xanax)?

A
  • CNS depression
  • Amnesia
  • Abuse potential

Overdose can be treated with Flumazenil (Romazicon).

285
Q

What is the MOA of Zolpidem (Ambien)?

A

Increases chloride ions and enhances GABA

It is indicated for insomnia.

286
Q

What are the side effects of Zolpidem (Ambien)?

A
  • CNS depression
  • Hallucinations

Administer 30 minutes prior to sleep.

Pharm (1 decks)

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