Exam 3 Flashcards
what is afterload
- pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood
- pressure of aorta
- mean arterial pressure
- aortic mean pressure
what is cardiovascular drift
increased HR that occurs with no change in workload during endurance exercise
what are the different breathing irregularities that could affect exercise? how would they affect exercise?
how is maximum heart rate estimated
Tanaka equation
- HRmax = 208 - (0.7 x age)
how is max HR affected by training
- HR increases as exercise intensity increases up to maximal heart rate
how is max HR affected by age
max HR decreases as age increases
Karvonen formula
how is the Karvonen formula used to calculate target heart rate
how and when is HR used to monitor exercise intenstity
Derived from LT or VT or RPE scale
what is the percentage of cardiac output that is distribute to skeletal muscles during rest
15-20%
what is the percentage of cardiac output that is distributed to skeletal muscles during exercise
80-85%
how does the body increase blood flow to certain areas of the body while decreasing blood flow to others
Decreased blood flow to less active organs, redistribution depends on metabolic rate and exercise intensity
how does SV increase with exercise
- during exercise, more blood is pumped back to heart so there is more blood to be pumped, which increases SV
- frank starling method, increased contractility via sympathetic nerve stimulation or circulating catecholamine (EPI & NORE release from adrenal medulla), reduced afterload (LV can eject greater volume because semilunar valve remains open longer)
how is SV altered with posture (laying down, standing)
SV upright exercise: SV doubles from resting to maximal values
- SV supine exercises: SV increases about 20-40%
- This happens because blood does not pool in legs, blood returns easier to heart→ resting SV are higher in supine position vs. upright position
how are SV of elite athletes different from SV of trained and untrained individuals
- increases up to 40-60% VO2max in untrained & up to max levels in trained
explain the integration of the cardiovascular system’s response to exercise
Increased LV wall thickness and increased LV chamber size, LV mass is highly correlated with VO2 max
- Decreased ESV facilitated by decrease in peripheral resistance
- Increased a-VO2 difference accounts for 50% of increased VO2 max
how do we buffer against acidosis in the blood
First line: cellular buffers- proteins, bicarbonate and phosphate groups - Blood buffers- bicarbonate, hemoglobin, and proteins
- Second line: respiratory compensation- increased ventilation in response to increased H+ concentration
how do we buffer against acidosis in the skeletal muscle
what is normal blood pH
7.4
how is VE increased with exercise
VE increased in direct proportion to metabolic needs of exercising muscle
how is VE calculated
VE = Tidal volume (TV) x breathing frequency (f)
why is ventilation closely regulated by exercise intensity
body needs to match oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal to the metabolic demands of working muscles
explain how VT is related to exercise performance & how it relates to acidosis (bicarbonate buffer system)
VT is used to characterize endurance athletes, predict endurance performance, describes the ability to sustain high intensity exercise and allows for the correlation of muscle fiber composition and biochemical properties of skeletal muscle
what is the Fick equation
VO2=Q x a-VO2diff
what is the main limiting factor of VO2max
Q (cardiac output)
what is mean arterial pressure? what factors affect MAP?
MAP = 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP
- MAP = Q x TPR –> vasodilation radius of vessels shrink –> TPR will lessen
what are cardiovascular & metabolic adaptations to moderate and high intensity endurance training
- improved ability of the muscle to extract oxygen from the blood which is achieved by: increased heart size, stroke volume, Q, muscle blood flow and total blood volume
- anaerobic- both type 2a and 2b cross sectional area increases, greatest change in 2a
what are the training principles
- individuality: everyone is unique
- specificity: doing drills unique or specific for a sport
- reversibility: use it or lose it
- progressive overload: getting stronger by doing heavier weights
- variation: changing up workouts
- diminishing returns: as you get stronger, need to work harder for gains or improvement; as you are weaker its easier to get gains and improvement
what is muscular power
rate at which work is performed
- product of force & velocity
- power = force x distance/time
- explosive strength & speed of movement
compare muscular endurance and strength
contrast muscular endurance and strength
what is concurrent training
training for endurance & strength on the same day
- strength first then endurance
how is anaerobic power/capacity measured
wingate test
what is AOD
accumulated oxygen deficit
- difference between actual VO2 and theoretical VO2 during exercise
- can be used to quantify non-mitochondrial energy release during one bout of high intensity exercise
- measures anaerobic metabolism
what is the difference between hyperplasia & hypertrophy
- hyperplasia: increased number in muscle fibers
- hypertrophy: an increase in muscle mass & cross sectional area
what are the neuromotor adaptations to strength training
- increased recruitment of muscles
- increased synchronization of recruitment
- decreased autogenic inhibition
- decreased co-activation of antagonists
what are the muscular adaptations to endurance training
develop larger cross sectional area, increases up to 25% have
been reported, magnitude depends on intensity, duration and length of training program
what stimulates protein synthesis
Individual muscle fibers from resistance training appears to result from net increase in muscle protein synthesis
- Protein is always being synthesized and degraded
- During exercise protein synthesis decreased while protein degradation increases
- A single bout of resistance exercise can elevate net protein synthesis for up to 24 hours
what are the RDA for protein intake
0.8 g per kg of body weight/day
outline resistance training recommendations for children & older populations
what is sarcopenia
- loss of muscle mass
- loss of both type I and II fibers
- atrophy of type II fibers
- loss of intramuscular fat & connective tissue
what is OTS
how does OTS compare with overreaching
Overarching is pushing the athlete to just the limit that they need to succeed at what they need to without hitting OTS
what methods can be used to detect OTS
Running different tests
Hormones
Psychological
Biochemical markers
Heart rate variability
what is muscle atrophy
Loss of muscle size and fibers and number of fibers
what are some physical & cellular changes that occur with detraining
Loss of the recruitment and synchronization of muscles
Gets weaker
Loses size of muscles
Neuron not firing may cause this
