Exam 3

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

the process of acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory

Question 2

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 2

• repeating info w/o considering its meaning
• leads to weak encoding and poor memory retention
• ex. repeating phone number multiple times w/o associating it to anything meaningful

Question 3

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 3

• encoding info by relating it to meaningful concepts or other knowledge
• results in stronger memory retention
• ex. remembering phone number by linking it to familiar info, like part of your own number, birthday, etc.

Question 4

Shallow Processing

Answer 4

• little attention to meaning
• focus on physical features
• poor memory

Question 5

Deep Processing

Answer 5

• close attention to meaning
• focus on relationships to other concepts
• better memory

Question 6

Visual Imagery

Answer 6

Bower & Winzenz (1970)
- present word pairs; later present one word in isolation and recall the other
- participants repeat words vs. visualizing words and their interactions
- visualizing group recalled over 2x as many words

Question 7

Self-Reference Effect

Answer 7

• enhanced memory when info is related to oneself
• participants viewed adjectives; better recollection if adjectives described them

Question 8

Generation Effect

Answer 8

• actively generating info enhances learning and memory compared to passive reading
• participants read related words vs. filling in missing letters
• generate group reproduced 28% more word pairs

Question 9

Encoding Specificity

Answer 9

• we learn info together w/ its context
• best recall when encoding and retrieval locations matched
• better recall when study and test conditions matched

Question 10

State-Dependent Learning

Answer 10

• memory is influenced by matching internal emotional/psychological states during encoding and retrieval

Question 11

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Answer 11

• memory task results improve if type of processing used during encoding is the same as type used during retrieval
• subjects who focused on rhyming at encoding did better on rhyming test (compared to focusing on meaning)

Question 12

Synaptic Consolidation

Answer 12

• long-term potentiation (LTP)
• enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation