Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Circadian Rhythm
A
sleep-wake cycle that repeats every 24 hours
2
Q
How are daily periods of sleeping and waking controlled? (2)
A
- biological clock
- zeitgebers
3
Q
Zeitgebers
A
environmental cues
4
Q
Entrained
A
synchronized to light cues
5
Q
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (2)
A
- body’s internal clock
- region of the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythms
6
Q
Melatonin (2)
A
- helps control the body’s sleep cycle
- levels decrease with age
7
Q
What are the factors that control the sleep-wake cycle? (2)
A
- circadian factor
- homeostatic factor
8
Q
Homeostatic Factor
A
the body’s need to catch up on sleep
9
Q
What is used to measure sleep? (3)
A
- EEG
- EOG
- EMG
10
Q
EEG
A
electrodes placed on the scalp to record the brain’s electrical activity
11
Q
What waves occur on an EEG during sleep?
A
synchronized
12
Q
What waves occur on an EEG while awake?
A
desynchronized
13
Q
EOG
A
records eye movement
14
Q
EMG
A
records action potentials on muscle fibers that lead to muscle contraction
15
Q
Synchronized EEG (2)
A
- neurons fire in synchrony
- high amplitude and low frequency
16
Q
Desynchronized EEG
A
- neurons fire out of synch
- low amplitude and high frequency
17
Q
What are low amplitude, high frequency the waves called?
A
beta and alpha waves
18
Q
What are high amplitude and low frequency waves called?
A
delta waves
19
Q
What do EEG waves look like during REM sleep?
A
awake and alert EEGs
20
Q
REM Episodes (3)
A
- eye twitching
- large muscle tone loss
- recur every 90 minutes
21
Q
What happens to time spent sleeping over a lifespan? (2)
A
- more time is spent awake
- less time is spent in REM sleep
22
Q
How do sleep patterns vary across species?
A
smaller species get more sleep while larger species get more sleep
23
Q
What part of the brain plays a key role in waking?
A
the thalamus
24
Q
How does the thalamus influence waking?
A
- it has excitatory projections to the entire cortex
- electrical stimulation generates wakefulness and cortical arousal
25
What is important for arousal?
neurochemicals
26
Waking-on Neurons (2)
- they are "on" during waking
- release neurotransmitters that generate alertness
27
What are the main arousal neurotransmitters? (3)
- glutamate
- norepinephrine
- acetylcholine
28
What enhances the activity of neurotransmitter?
stimulants
29
Sleep-on Neurons
release GABA to turn off the waking on neurons
30
What are critical factors that activate sleep-on neurons? (2)
- circadian clock in the SCN
- accumulation of adenosine
31
What is disconnected during nonREM sleep?
thalamus and cortex
32
When are dreams more vivid while sleeping?
during REM sleep
33
What regions of the brain are active while dreaming? (2)
- posterior region of occipital cortex
- posterior region of the parietal cortex
34
What region of the brain is inactive while dreaming?
prefrontal regions
35
What are diseases/disruptions of sleep?
- insomnia
- narcolepsy
- sleep apnea
36
Insomnia
inability to sleep
37
Narcolepsy
intense sleepiness during the daytime
38
Sleep apnea
involves a loss of oxygen while sleeping due to a blockade of airway passages
39
What are the benefits of sleep? (4)
- sleep and immune system function
- removal of brain toxins
- memory consolidation
- restorative effects
40
Alertness
current level of sensitivity or responsiveness to environmental cues
41
Attention
how we actively process specific information present in our environment
42
What plays a key role in alertness? (2)
- norepinephrine neurons that originate in the LC
- when arousing stimuli activate the LC many brain areas are alerted at once
43
What do increase norepinephrine levels do?
increase the responses of neurons to environmental stimuli
44
Change Blindness
the inability to process information that we see but don't attend to
45
Salient Stimulus
an item that pops out from other items in a display
46
Stimulus-driven Visual Attention
stimuli that are physically salient engage an automatic and involuntary process
47
Goal-directed Visual Attention (2)
- directed toward stimuli that are relevant to current goals
- the target does not pop out from the background stimuli
48
What region of the brain is activated during stimulus-driven the visual attention? (2)
- TPJ
- VFC
49
What region of the brain is activated during goal-directed visual attention? (3)
- dlPFC
- IPS
- FEF
50
Neglect
failure to acknowledge objects in the field contralateral to the lesion
51
What happens if there is frontal or parietal damage to the brain?
attentional neglect
52
What regions of the brain is neglect associated to? (4)
- parietal
- prefrontal
- thalamus
- basal ganglia
53
Attentional Control
ability to ignore less relevant stimuli while focusing on relevant ones
54
What is a test that studies attentional control?
Stoop test
55
What region of the brain is activated during attentional conflict? (2)
- anterior cingulate
- dlPFC
56
What are symptoms of ADHD? (3)
- motor hyperactivity
- inattention
- impulsiveness
57
When are symptoms of ADHD more pronounced?
when the environment does not provide much sensory stimulation
58
What are the effects of stimulants? (3)
- inhibit the reuptake of dopamine
- enhance the activity of neurotransmitter systems
- reduce symptoms of ADHD
59
Working Memory
the ability to maintain and manipulate information over short periods of time
60
What regions of the brain are involved in working memory? (2)
- dlPFC
- frontoparietal network
61
What is associated with the developmental improvement of working memory?
increased recruitment of dlPFC and frontoparietal network
62
Delayed Saccade Task
task that measures working memory ability
63
What happens during a delay period? (2)
- the brain holds information in working memory
- prefrontal cortical neurons become active
64
How do neurons stay active during the delay period of a working memory task? (2)
- recurrent connections
- the excitatory neurotransmitter released by each neuron helps to maintain the activity of the other neurons in the network
65
What brain area is activated when remembering faces?
fusiform gyrus
66
What brain area is activated when remembering places?
parahippocampal gyrus
